Genes

• Dominant Allele: The Allele that is expressed when 2 alleles are different
• Recessive Allele: The Allele that is not expressed when 2 alleles are different
• Homozygous: Having the same Allele of a gene
• Heterozygous: Having two Different Alleles of a Gene
• Genotype: A person’s genetic makeup, including all their genes and alleles.
• Phenotype: The physical expression of an organism's genotype
• Zygote: Fertilized egg cell
• Somatic Cells: Cells that are not the reproductive cells
• Gametes: Reproductive cells (eggs or sperm)
• Sex linked: Characteristics influenced by genes in the sex chromosomes
• Karyotype: A person's complete set of chromosomes
• Autosome: Chromosomes that is not a sex chromosomes
• Sex chromosomes: Chromosomes that determine your sex
• Meiosis: Production of gametes | cell division that produces sex cells
• Nondisjunction: When cells divide they should have an equal amount of DNA/Chromosomes split between them
• Dihybrid cross: A cross between 2 different organisms that have 2 different traits (controlled by different genes)
• Trisomy: someone that has 47 chromosomes instead of 46
• Codominant alleles: 2 different alleles of the same gene are both expressed
• Multiple allele traits: Traits controlled by a single gene with more than 2 alleles
• Incomplete dominance: when neither parental phenotype is fully expressed, but rather a new intermediate phenotype appears.
• Superscript: trait associated with a sex chromosome
• A child must receive an allele from both parents
• Klinefelter syndrome: a male is born with an extra X chromosome, causes the sexual features to not develop or develop late (infertility)
• Turner syndrome: A female lacking one or part of the X chromosome, causes shortness, webbed neck, lack of breasts, no menstruation, lack of ovaries and infertility.
• Down syndrome: An extra 21 chromosome, causes slow physical and intellectual development, heart defects, respiratory problems, speech problems, visual problems and hearing loss
• oncogenes: mutated genes that have the potential to become cancerous
• proto-oncogene: A normal gene that can become mutated and cause cancer
• Chromosomes: long strands of DNA condensed for mitosis
• Mutagen: an agent (ex: radiation) that can cause a mutation to DNA
• Carcinogen: A substance that can cause genetic mutation.
• Central dogma: theory stating genetic info is passed from DNA to RNA to protein / RNA to protein
• G3P cap and Poly-A tail: protects RNA from degradation and helps initiate translation
• Restriction enzymes: Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences.
• Bacteria are vectors because of their rapid divide and can be used to copy DNA in large quantities.
• Recombinant DNA: DNA with a desired gene inside