EAPP

• Formality – language use requires precision
• Objectivity – thoughts and beliefs should be based on lectures, reading discussion and research
• Text Structure

  1. Cause and Effect: explains reasons why something happened or the effects of something

  2. Chronological Order: organized from one point in time to another

  3. Description: shows what an item or place is like by depicting a mental image

  4. Compare and Contrast: pertains to how two or more ideas or items are similar or different

  5. Problem and Solution: presents a problem and shows how it can be or has been solved
• Techniques in Summarizing

  1. Cornell Method: Divide the notepaper into two columns and a space below. Write the main points and important explanations or details about the main point. Then write the summary below

  2. Summarizing An Experimental Report: purpose, method, results, and conclusion

  3. Summarizing Argumentative/Theoretical Text: follow the author's main line of reasoning, spot his arguments, identify the counterargument, differentiate between main ideas, and evidence provided to support or refute arguments
• Summary


  A shortened passage which retains the essential information of the original text; a synopsis or digest of the essence of an entire text
• Academic Text


  • Formal genre of writing
  • Commonly used for textbooks, essays, research papers, book reports, academic journals, in classrooms, and any other discipline related to academics
  • Expected to use strict styles, registers, and formality
• Outlining helps organize notes and ideas by arranging them using numbers or letters
• Thesis Statement is a statement with the over-all idea that a writer imparts in his paper; the claim of the writer
• Debatable thesis statement calls for an argument; readers may or may not agree
• Sentence outline has the topic for each paragraph written in sentence form instead of keywords
• Implicit thesis statement conveys the primary point of the reading indirectly, in multiple locations throughout the work
• Supported by evidence, articles, researches, and statistics should support it
• Specific thesis statement is clear with a definite point
• Explicit thesis statement is included as a sentence as part of the text
• Topic outline is a brief outline of ideas using keywords. Under the heading are several words served as sub-topics that will be discussed in the paper
• Explicitness – allow readers to trace the relationship of various parts of the text
• Caution – avoid sweeping generalizations
• Biographical Approach


  Uses details about an author's personal life to analyze the author's work
• Critical Approaches

  1. Formalist Approach

  2. Biographical Approach

  3. Historical Approach

  4. Psychological/Psychoanalytical

  5. Reader-Response

  6. Marxist Approach

  7. Feminist Approach
• Psychological/Psychoanalytical Approach


  Looks into the minds of the characters or the author to understand what the work means
• Critical Approaches help you see and appreciate a literary work, reveal how or why a particular work is constructed, and what its social and cultural implications are
• Writing a critique involves following specific steps and approaches
• Marxist Approach


  Concerned with issues of class conflict, wealth, work, and the various ideologies that surround these
• Historical Approach


  Investigates the social, cultural, and intellectual context that produced a work; focuses more on how time and place of creation affect meaning
• Formalist Approach


  Analyze and understand using the inherent features of a text; usually answers the what, where, when, why, and how in the story/text
• Critical Approaches, sometimes called lenses, are different perspectives we can consider when looking at literary pieces
• Feldman's Method of Artwork Critique

  1. Description

  2. Analysis

  3. Interpretation

  4. Judgment
• Feminist Approach


  Looks at how aspects of our culture are patriarchal (male dominated) and aims to expose misogyny (female prejudice) in writing about women, which can take explicit and implicit forms
• Reader-Response Approach


  Meaning is not created by the text nor the author; meaning is created by the reader
• Main Point


  • Many wild animals became extinct because of human actions such as deforestation, pollution, and illegal hunting
• Evidence


  • Human and primate brains are completely different so studying primate brains will not lead to a better understanding of human brains. Human brains are four times larger than a chimpanzee's. The human brain also has different biochemical pathways and genetic expression
• Thesis


  • There is no need for brain research on monkeys. Human and primate brains are completely different so studying primate brains will not lead to a better understanding of human brains
• Method

  • To know whether tea drinkers recover from stress more easily, students will be divided into 2 groups; one group will be given a caffeinated tea mixture while the control group will be given a placebo drink
• Conclusion

  • After 50 minutes, cortisol levels dropped by an average of 47% in the tea-drinking group compared to the 27% in the fake tea group. This means tea drinking does not decrease stress levels but brings stress hormone levels back to normal more quickly
• Explanation


  • Many wild animals became extinct because of human actions such as deforestation, pollution, and illegal hunting
• Argument


  • There is no need for brain research on monkeys. Human and primate brains are completely different so studying primate brains will not lead to a better understanding of human brains
• Summarizing techniques

  • Main Point
  • Explanation
  • Thesis
  • Argument
  • Evidence
  • Purpose
  • Method
  • Result
  • Conclusion
• Result

  • After 50 minutes, cortisol levels dropped by an average of 47% in the tea-drinking group compared to the 27% in the fake tea group. This means tea drinking does not decrease stress levels but brings stress hormone levels back to normal more quickly
• Purpose


  • To know whether tea drinkers recover from stress more easily, students will be divided into 2 groups; one group will be given a caffeinated tea mixture while the control group will be given a placebo drink