HIGHESSSTT IN BIOCHEM LECCCCCCCC MANIFESTTTTT

•  Moist heat kills cells by denaturing proteins and destroying cytoplasmic membranes.
•  Boiling kills the vegetative cells of bacteria and fungi, the trophozoites of protozoa, and most viruses within 10 minutes at sea level.
• Boiling is effective for sanitizing restaurant tableware or disinfecting baby bottles.
• refrigeration - the process of subjecting food or drink to cold in order to chill or preserve it.
• Refrigeration halts the growth of most pathogens, which are predominantly mesophiles
• Listeria , which can reproduce to dangerous levels in refrigerated food
• Yersinia (yer-sin’ē-ă), which can multiply in refrigerated blood products and be passed on to blood recipients.
• Slow freezing - during which ice crystals have time to form and puncture cell membranes, is more effective than quick freezing in inhibiting microbial metabolism, though microorganisms also vary in their susceptibility to freezing
• Desiccation - It inhibits microbial growth because metabolism requires liquid water
• Desiccation - inhibits the spread of most pathogens, including the bacteria that cause syphilis, gonorrhea, and the more common forms of bacterial pneumonia and diarrhea
• lyophilization , a technique that combines freezing and drying
• hey subject it to a vacuum that removes frozen water through a process called sublimation.
•  Filtration is the passage of a fluid (either a liquid or a gas) through a sieve designed to trap particles—in this case, cells or viruses—and separate them from the fluid.
• Osmotic Pressure - the use of high concentrations of salt or sugar in foods to inhibit microbial growth
• Osmosis is the net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration
• hypertonic solution of salt or sugar lose water, and the cell shrinks.
• Radiation sterilization relies on ionizing radiation, primarily gamma, X-ray or electron radiation, to deactivate microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses and spores
• Electron beams, gamma rays, and some X-rays, all of which have wavelengths shorter than 1 nm, are ionizing radiation
• Elecrtron Beams - used to sterilize spices, meats, microbiological plastic ware, and dental and medical supplies, such as gloves, syringes, and suturing material.
• Gamma Rays -kills not only microbes but also the larvae and eggs of insects; it also kills the cells of fruits and vegetables, preventing both microbial spoilage and overripening.
• Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength greater than 1 nm does not have enough energy to force electrons out of orbit, so it is nonionizing radiation.