Lesson 3

• Lesson 2: Learning Targets for Performance and Product-Oriented Assessment
• Three domains of educational objectives

  • Cognitive (knowledge-based goals)
  • Psychomotor (Skills-based goals)
  • Affective (affective goals)
• Desired Significant Learning Outcomes:
• Educational objectives are specific statements of student performance at the end of an instructional unit
• The most popular taxonomy of educational objectives is Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
• Taxonomies of educational objectives for affective and psychomotor domains can provide teachers with a structured guide in formulating more specific learning targets in the classroom
• Taxonomy of Educational Objectives in the Affective Domain

  1. Receiving: Awareness or passive attention to a phenomenon or stimulus

  2. Responding: Active attention and response to a particular phenomenon or stimulus

  3. Valuing: Attaching value or worth to a phenomenon or object

  4. Organization: Organizing values into priorities by comparing, relating, and synthesizing specific values

  5. Internalizing values/characterization by a value or value complex
• Taxonomy of Educational Objectives in the Psychomotor Domain

  1. Perception: The ability to use sensory cues to guide motor activity

  2. Set: The mental, physical, and emotional sets that predispose a person's response to different situations

  3. Guided Response: Demonstration of a complex skill through guided practice like imitation and trial and error

  4. Mechanism: Learned responses have become habitual and movements can be performed with some degree of confidence and proficiency

  5. Complex Overt Response: Performance of motor acts that involve complex movement patterns in a quick, accurate, and highly coordinated manner. Characterized by automatic performance and performance without hesitation

  6. Adaptation: Psychomotor skills are well-developed and the person can modify movement patterns to fit the special requirement

  7. Origination: Creating new movement patterns to fit a particular situation or specific problem. Learning outcomes emphasize creativity based upon highly developed skills
• Focus on Trainers Methodology I & II
• Educational objectives are sometimes referred to as behavioral objectives and are typically stated with the use of verbs
• Affective targets


  • I can appreciate the role of a thesis adviser in the completion of a thesis research
• Creating new steps for a contemporary version of a classic dance hit

  1. combines

  2. creates

  3. designs
• Learning targets should specify both the content and criteria of learning
• The challenge for teachers is to identify the levels of expertise expected from students and the assessment methods required to assess student learning
• Learning targets


  • They are more specific compared with educational goals, standards, and objectives
  • They should be congruent with the standards prescribed by a program or level and aligned with the instructional or learning objectives of a subject or course
  • They are formulated from broader standards and learning objectives
  • They should be clear, specific, and meaningful to students
• Skills refer to learning targets that require the development and demonstration of behavioral or physical tasks
• Reasoning targets

  • I can justify my choice of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) as my statistical analysis for my thesis research
• The purpose of learning targets is to inform students of what they should be able to do or demonstrate as evidence of their learning
• Skills Targets

  • I can perform Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on research data using the software SPSS
• Affect or disposition refers to students' attitudes about school and learning
• Knowledge Target

  • I can discuss the research design that I used for my thesis
• Appropriate alternative methods of assessment for learning targets

  Skills, products, and affect can be best assessed using alternative assessments
• Learning targets are statements on what students are supposed to learn and what they can do because of instruction
• Product learning targets require the development of a tangible and high-quality product or output
• Appropriate classroom instruction and assessment can be designed with specific learning targets formulated
• Product Targets


  • I can write the results and discussion section of a thesis manuscript
• Students' expected products

  • Have certain core attributes that serve as the basis for evaluating their quality
• The development of affect/disposition


  Occurs simultaneously as a student learns concepts and skills in the classroom
• Skills targets are best assessed among students through performance-oriented or performance-based assessment
• Matching Learning Targets with Alternative Assessment Methods

  Performance-oriented assessment, Product-oriented assessment, Portfolio assessment, Self-report scale assessment
• Assessment methods selection

  Identify learning targets, then select appropriate alternative methods of assessment to measure student learning
• Teachers can select the method of assessment and design appropriate tasks and activities to measure the identified learning targets
• Teachers can expand the role of the assessor to other students (peer assessment) and the student themselves (self-assessment) to make assessment more authentic
• Product targets are best assessed through product assessment
• A student's knowledge, reasoning, and skills are all required before one can create a meaningful product or output
• Sample Learning Targets Across Subject Areas

  • English
  • Physical Education
  • Mathematics
  • Science
  • Social Studies
  • TLE (Home Economics)
• Having the required skills to apply one’s knowledge and reasoning skills through the performance of a behavioral or physical task is a step higher than simply knowing or being able to reason based on knowledge
• Affect or disposition


  Attitudes about school and learning, including motivation, interest, and other affective states
• Affect or disposition is best assessed through affective assessment or the use of self-report measures (checklists, inventories, questionnaires, scales) and other alternative strategies to assess affective outcomes
• Family and Consumer Sciences (FCS)

  • Profession and field of study dealing with the economics and management of the home and community, focusing on the relationship between individuals, families, communities, and the environment