Bruner and Minturn's study on expectation on perception

• What did Bruner and Minturn aim to find out?

  Figure seen differently in context
• What experimental design did Bruner and Minturn use?

  Independent groups design
• What types of sequences were presented to participants in Bruner and Minturn's study?

  Letters or numbers
• What was the ambiguous figure in Bruner and Minturn's study?

  B or 13
• What two responses did participants provide in Bruner and Minturn's study?

  Report and draw
• What were those who saw letters more likely to report in Bruner's experiment?

  The figure as B
• What did those who saw numbers tend to report in Bruner's experiment?

  The figure as 13
• According to Bruner and Minturn, what influenced the figure's representation?

  The context
• What type of task was used in Bruner and Minturn's study, which may be a weakness?

  Artificial task
• What is the designed intention of ambiguous figures?

  Trick perception
• Why might Bruner and Minturn's study lack validity?

  An ambiguous figure is used
• What is a weakness related to the independent groups design used in Bruner's study?

  Individual differences
• What may have caused differences in perception between the groups, other than expectations?

  Participant variables
• How is Bruner and Minturn's study applicable to real-life scenarios?

  Explains errors
• Why is it helpful to understand how expectations influence perception?

  Explain why people make mistakes
• In Hudson's study, what did both black and white schooled participants show compared to unschooled participants?

  More depth perception
• In McGinnies' study, what was measured through the galvanic skin response (GSR)?

  Emotional arousal
• In the Gilchrist and Nesberg study, what did participants have to do to the picture when it was shown again?

  Adjust lighting to make it look the same