The role of praise and self-efficacy

• What does praise act as, leading to repeated behaviors?

  A reward
• Why should praise be specific and related to performance?

  To maintain its value and impact
• What should be praised instead of performance to motivate individuals?

  Effort
• How does praising effort rather than performance affect a person's sense of control?

  It gives a sense of control
• Why might praising performance be demotivating?

  Because not everyone can compete
• What is self-efficacy?

  Understanding your own abilities
• What is self-efficacy related to?

  Expectations about future performance
• What kind of experiences are important for developing self-efficacy?

  Experiencing success
• Who should provide opportunities for experiencing success?

  Parents and teachers
• How does high self-efficacy affect motivation?

  Increases effort and persistence
• How does self-efficacy relate to task performance?

  High self-efficacy increases task performance
• How does self-efficacy relate to resilience?

  High self-efficacy increases resilience
• What did Lepper's research suggest about the effect of rewards on children's interest in tasks?

  Rewards can decrease interest
• What can praise sometimes be, having a negative impact on motivation?

  Demotivating
• According to Steele and Aronson, what effect did indicating race have on African-American students' IQ test scores?

  Lower scores
• How does the stereotype effect support the theory of self-efficacy?

  Performance affected by expectations
• According to Dweck, how did students who were criticised for their effort perform on a test compared to those who were praised?

  Performed better
• What does Dweck's finding highlight about praise?

  The kind of praise matters