Willingham's learning theory

• Why does Willingham criticise the theory of learning styles?

  Lack of scientific evidence
• What kind of research results can be used to improve learning according to Willingham?

  Cognitive psychology and neuroscience
• How should praise be according to Willingham's theory?

  Unexpected
• According to Lepper et al., what happens if performance depends on praise?

  Works to get praise
• According to memory research, why does forgetting often occur?

  Lack of right cues
• What should people practice doing to improve memory according to Roediger and Karpicke?

  Retrieving information
• What is another term for self-control?

  Self-regulation
• What does self-regulation involve controlling?

  Emotions, attention, cognition
• What test has been used to assess self-regulation?

  Marshmallow test
• What is self-regulation linked to in school?

  Better school progress
• What differs in the brains of children and adults with dyslexia compared to those without?

  Brain waves
• What benefit could arise from identifying a specific brain wave pattern associated with dyslexia?

  Earlier help
• What is Willingham's learning theory based on?

  Scientific evidence
• What enhances the validity of Willingham's theory?

  Well-designed investigations
• What kind of applicability does Willingham's theory have?

  Real-world
• What does Willingham's approach offer an explanation of?

  What you learn
• What factor makes it unlikely that brain waves would be used to diagnose dyslexia by themselves?

  Other causes
• Why is it important for praise to fit performance?

  To maintain its value
• Why should praise not be used for everything?

  It diminishes its value
• What are three effects of high self-efficacy on behaviour?

  Effort, persistence, resilience
• What did Tulving and Psotka's research highlight about memory?

  Importance of retrieval cues
• What did Roediger and Karpicke's research emphasize about memory?

  Practicing memory retrieval
• What correlation did Shoda et al. find in their research?

  Self-regulation and progress
• What condition can benefit from earlier help due to brain wave research by Willingham and Lloyd?

  Dyslexia