Skeletal

• The human body has 206 bones
• Short bones

  • Carpals, tarsals
• Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape

  • Long bones
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
  • Irregular bones
• Parts of the skeletal system

  • Bones (skeleton)
  • Joints
  • Cartilages
  • Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)
• Irregular bones

  • Vertebrae and hip
• Repair of Bone Fractures

  1. Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed

  2. Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus

  3. Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus

  4. Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
• Bone Growth

  1. Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops

  2. Bones change shape somewhat

  3. Bones grow in width
• Functions of Bones

  • Support of the body
  • Protection of soft organs
  • Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
  • Storage of minerals and fats
  • Blood cell formation
• Two basic types of bone tissue

  • Compact bone
  • Spongy bone
• Bone Growth

  1. Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood

  2. New cartilage is continuously formed

  3. Older cartilage becomes ossified

  4. Cartilage is broken down

  5. Bone replaces cartilage
• Long bones

  • Femur, humerus
• Flat bones

  • Skull, ribs, sternum
• Bone Fractures

  1. A break in a bone

  2. Types of bone fractures: Closed (simple) fracture – break that doesn't penetrate the skin, Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin

  3. Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization

  4. Realignment of the bone
• The Bony Thorax

  1. Forms a cage to protect major organs

  2. Made-up of three parts: Sternum, Ribs, Thoracic vertebrae
• The Hyoid Bone


  1. The only bone that does not articulate with another bone

  2. Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
• The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle


  1. Composed of two bones: Clavicle (collarbone), Scapula (shoulder blade)

  2. These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
• The Axial Skeleton


  1. Forms the longitudinal part of the body

  2. Divided into three parts: Skull, Vertebral column, Bony thorax
• Bones of the Skull

  • Human Skull, Superior View
  • Human Skull, Inferior View
• Paranasal Sinuses


  • Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
  • Functions of paranasal sinuses: Lighten the skull, Give resonance and amplification to voice
• The Vertebral Column

  1. Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs

  2. The spine has a normal curvature

  3. Each vertebra is given a name according to its location
• The Skull

  1. Two sets of bones: Cranium, Facial bones

  2. Bones are joined by sutures

  3. Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
• The Appendicular Skeleton


  Limbs (appendages), Pectoral girdle, Pelvic girdle
• Bones of the Upper Limb

  • The arm is formed by a single bone: Humerus
  • The forearm has two bones: Ulna, Radius
  • The hand: Carpals (wrist), Metacar
• Bones of the Lower Limbs

  • Thigh has one bone - Femur (thigh bone)
  • Leg has two bones - Tibia, Fibula
  • Foot consists of Tarsus (ankle), Metatarsals (sole), Phalanges (toes)
• Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

  • Hip bones composed of three pairs of fused bones - Ilium, Ischium, Pubic bone
  • Total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
  • Protects several organs including reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and part of the large intestine
• Clinical Forms of Arthritis

  • Osteoarthritis - most common chronic arthritis probably related to normal aging processes
  • Rheumatoid arthritis - an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the joints, symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints and often leads to deformities
  • Gouty Arthritis - inflammation of joints caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood, can usually be controlled with diet
• Bones of the Upper Limb

  • Arm is formed by a single bone - Humerus
  • Forearm has two bones - Ulna, Radius
  • Hand consists of Carpals (wrist), Metacarpals (palm), Phalanges (fingers)
• The Pelvis


  • Gender Differences of the Pelvis
• Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints

  • Bursitis - inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
  • Tendonitis - inflammation of tendon sheaths
  • Arthritis - inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints (over 100 different types, the most widespread crippling disease in the United States)