RPH Under Imperial Spain

• ·        Portugal: first country to use innovation in seamanship and boatbuilding.
• May 1943 Inter caetera and Eximiae Devotinis Spain: the right over any lands newly discovered by Columbus.
• ·        East for Portugal and West for Spain.
• ·        April 1521, Magellan was killed by Lapu-Lapu and Zula
• ·        Victoria: completed the voyage back to Spain in 1522, led by Juan Sebastian del Cano
• The Magellan Magalhanes Expedition (1518-1521)
• ·     Si Katunaw as their Chief in Maluku Island (Spice Island)
• Treaty of Zaragoza (1529) -   King Charles V ceded his rights to Maluku to John III of Portugal for 350,000 ducats.
• (April 1565) Ciudad del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus became the first Spanish town in the archipelago
• Real y Supremo Consejo de las Indias (Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies)
• Bureaucracy

  ·        Central or National

  ·        Provincial

  ·        City

  ·        Barrio Levels
• Gobernador-Heneral

  ·        Commander-in-chief of the army and the navy

  ·        President of the Real Audencia
• Alcalde mayor

  ·        Head of provincia or hukuman

  ·        Pacified provinces and districts
• Corregidores

  ·        Corregimientos or unpacified military zones (Mindoro, Mariveles, and Panay)
• ·        Residencia

  o   Judicial review

  o   Conducted at the end of his term
• ·        Visita

  o   Conducted clandestinely by a visitador-general sent from Spain

  o   Specific or general
• The Filipino Bureaucrats

  ·        Gobernadorcillo to capitan municipal in 1894
• ·        To collect all the scattered Filipinos together in a reduccion bajo el son de la campana (resettlement under the sound of the bell)
• Reduccion ·        Civilizing device to make the Filipinos law-abiding citizens of the Spanish crown.
• ·        External

  o   churches and convents

  o   corn, cassava, camote, tobacco, and numerous exotic fruits
• ·        Internal

  o   customs and values of Christianity and the Castilian language
• Taxation Without Representation

  ·        Direct (personal tribute and income tax)

  ·        Indirect (custom duties and bandala)

  ·        Buwis (tribute)

  o   cash or in-kind

  o   palay, tobacco, chickens, textiles, or even wax, and special regional produce

  ·        Bandala

  o   annual enforced sale or requisitioning of goods; rice or coconut oil

  o   payment through promissory notes

  ·        Cedula personal (1884)
• ·        Falla - a fee given to Spaniards to become exempted in rendering labor force.
• ·        “Encomendar” means to entrust

  ·        A grant from the Spanish crown to a meritorious Spaniard
• Educational Decree of 1863

  ·        Free compulsory public-supported primary schools

  ·        Each town has at least two schools one for boys and the other for girls.
• I. Economic Institutions

  1. Taxation Without Representation
  2. Polo y Servicio Personal
  3. Encomiendas
  4. Manila-Acapulco Trade
  5. Royal Economic Society of Friends and Country
  6. Royal Philippine Company (Real Compania de Filipinas)
  7. Infrastructure, Telecommunications and Public Utilities