Overview

• Muscular System

  • Provides locomotion (movement) in coordination with the skeletal system
  • Produces heat
• Excretory System


  • Also known as the Urinary System
  • Responsible for the removal of waste products from the body in the form of urine
• Skeletal System


  • Provides support, points of attachment for muscles, protects delicate internal organs, makes blood, and stores minerals
• Nutrition and Food Processing


  1. Comparison of processes in plants and animals:

  2. Nutrition and Food Processing

  3. Reproduction and Development
• Organ


  A collection of tissues that structurally form a functional unit specialized to perform a particular function
• Organs

  • Heart, kidneys, lungs, skin
• Human body organ systems

  • Nervous System
  • Circulatory System
  • Excretory System
  • Skeletal System
  • Muscular System
  • Integumentary System
  • Endocrine System
  • Immune System
  • Lymphatic System
  • Respiratory System
  • Digestive System
  • Reproductive System
• Nervous System


  • Controls body systems, regulates and coordinates changes in the body’s external and internal environments
  • Directs behavior and movement in coordination with the endocrine system
  • Responds to sensation
• Organ System


  A group of organs that work together to perform a certain function in an organism’s body
• Integumentary System

  • Serves as the body’s first line of defense
  • Protects the body against injury, fluid loss, and infection
  • Regulates temperature and provides Vitamin D synthesis
• Circulatory System


  • Responsible for transporting materials through the body
  • Transports nutrients, water, and oxygen to body cells
  • Carries away wastes such as carbon dioxide produced by body cells
• Lymphatic System


  • Part of the Immune System
  • Keeps body fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections
• Respiratory System


  • Responsible for inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide through the process of breathing
• Endocrine System


  • Produces hormones that act as chemical signals controlling body functions
  • Maintains homeostasis, regulates temperature, controls metabolism, regulates production, and controls growth and development
• Immune System

  • Returns tissue fluid to blood
  • Defends against foreign organisms
• Digestive System


  • Breaks down and absorbs nutrients that the body can use as energy
• Reproductive System

  • Produces sex cells (egg cell and sperm cell) for reproduction
  • Provides environment for growth of fetus (female)
• Walt Whitman: 'If anything is sacred, the human body is sacred'
• Digestive System

  1. Energy allows organisms to move, respire, digest, and perform other body processes

  2. Nutrition is the process of providing or obtaining food necessary for health, survival, and growth of organisms

  3. Nutrients are substances that provide energy for an organism’s metabolic processes

  4. In digestion, there are 6 processes: Ingestion, Propulsion, Mechanical or physical digestion, Chemical digestion, Absorption, Defecation
• Nutrients

  Substances that provide energy for organism's metabolic processes (growth, maintenance, reproduction, and immunity)
• Digestion

  1. Ingestion

  2. Propulsion

  3. Physical or mechanical digestion

  4. Chemical digestion

  5. Absorption

  6. Defecation
• Physical and Mechanical Digestion


  Begins with chewing the food and breaking it down into smaller, more digestible pieces
• Absorption


  Allows the body to access nutrients needed for energy production and building new cells, tissues, enzymes, and hormones
• Chemical Digestion

  Enzymes break down food into protein, carbohydrate, and fat molecules
• Propulsion

  Begins when we swallow food and passes through the esophagus down into the stomach
• Ingestion


  The process of taking in food through the mouth
• Water-soluble vitamins

  • Vit C
  • Vit B
• Essential parts of the diet include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals
• Defecation


  Waste elimination
• Minerals

  • Calcium
  • Chlorine
  • Copper
  • Fluorine
  • Iodine
  • Iron
  • Magnesium
  • Phosphorus
  • Potassium
  • Sodium
  • Sulfur
  • Zinc
• Minerals are inorganic molecules that provide ions for the functioning of many enzymes or proteins
• Vitamins are organic compounds that work as co-enzymes and co-factors of enzymes
• Fat-soluble vitamins

  • Vit A
  • Vit D
  • Vit E
  • Vit K
• Enzymes are proteins that facilitate specific chemical reactions
• Digestive Enzymes

  • Salivary amylase - initiates carbohydrates breakdown
  • Lingual lipase - starts fat digestion
• If a firm increases advertising

  Demand curve shifts right, increasing the equilibrium price and quantity
• Digestive Enzymes

  Facilitate the chemical breakdown of food into smaller and absorbable components
• Marginal utility

  The additional utility (satisfaction) gained from the consumption of an additional product
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS: A process converting energy from the sun into glucose for plant growth. It occurs in leaves, mesophyll cells contain chloroplasts. The chemical equation is 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂
• MODES OF NUTRITION: Photoautotrophic organisms use energy from the sun and inorganic substances to form organic food. Autotrophic organisms can manufacture their own nutrients. Chemoautotrophic organisms use chemicals to create organic substances. Saprophytic organisms obtain nutrients from dead organic matter. Heterotrophic organisms cannot make their own food. Parasitic organisms take food from hosts. Holozoic organisms ingest food for energy. Nutritional strategies of plants involve acquiring nutrients from the soil, macronutrients, micronutrients, and photosynthesis