AP World History

• Unions sparked a larger movement for empowerment among the working class
• The harsh conditions of industrial life provoked resistance and calls for reform
• Unions improved workers' lives by winning minimum wage laws, limits on the number of hours worked, overtime pay, and the establishment of a five-day work week
• The Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean Basin, China, and Japan instituted reforms to promote industrialization
• Dangerous and unsanitary working conditions, low wages, and long hours were common in factory work in the 19th century
• Workers formed trade unions

  To advocate for higher pay and safer working conditions
• Mother Jones: 'described the severe deprivations of the coal miners working underground all day'
• Workers began to form labor unions - organizations of workers that advocated for the right to bargain with employers and put the resulting agreements in a contract
• Philosophers such as John Stuart Mill sought to address the growing inhumanity of the industrial era through social reforms
• Workers formed trade unions to advocate for higher pay and safer working conditions
• A committee of Britain's Parliament released a study called the Sadler Report in 1833
• In 1832, 1867, and 1884, the British parliament passed reform bills to expand the pool of men who could vote
• A law in 1843 declared that children under the age of 10 were banned from working in the coal mines
• British women would not gain equal suffrage (voting rights) until 1928
• In 1881, education became mandatory for British children between the ages of 5 and 10
• As trade and production became increasingly global, the ideas of early economists such as Adam Smith were taken in new directions
• John Stuart Mill championed legal reforms to allow labor unions, limit child labor, and ensure safe working conditions in factories
• John Stuart Mill's philosophy was called utilitarianism, seeking "the greatest good for the greatest number of people"
• Karl Marx argued for socialism and wanted to confront the problems of capitalism
• Market competition drove the bourgeoisie to exploit the proletariat for higher profits

  The bourgeoisie owned the means of production and received most of the wealth produced
• Scientific socialism

  Marx's approach to economics
• In 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published the Communist Manifesto that summarized their critique of capitalism
• According to Marx, capitalism produced tremendous wealth but also needless poverty and misery
• Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a German scholar and writer who argued for socialism
• For Marx, socialism would replace capitalism, followed by communism where all class distinctions would end
• Capitalism divided society into two basic classes

  The proletariat was the working class, while the bourgeoisie included the middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories
• Marx exhorted the proletariat to take control of the means of production and share the wealth they created fairly
• In the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire underwent reforms under Sultan Mahmud II
• The Tanzimat reforms had wide effects in areas such as the military and education in the Ottoman Empire
• Ottoman Reorganization Reforms (1839-1876)


  1. Rooting out corruption in the central government

  2. Creating a secular system of schools

  3. Codifying Ottoman laws and creating new ones

  4. Issuing the Hatt-i Humayun for legal system updates and equality
• Legal reforms under Mahmud I benefited men more than women
• The growth of industry affected men and women differently, with most new industrial jobs going to men
• Financial enterprises such as banking increased in the Ottoman Empire
• A global economy was in place, built partially on the flow of wealth into the Mediterranean from European colonial expansion in the Americas
• Ottoman workers were increasingly paid in cash rather than in goods
• Under shariah, women had been allowed to hold money, gain from inheritance, and receive some education
• After the Napoleonic wars ended in 1815, prices for food and other crops declined in the Ottoman Empire
• Many reforms had no effect on women as they were excluded from certain areas like the army, professions, higher education, and commerce
• The Tanzimat reforms of 1839 did not mention women
• When Sultan Abdulhamid took power in 1876, he supported internal reforms and accepted a new constitution for the Ottoman Empire