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• Health


  Talcott Parsons (1951), conceptualized health as the ability to maintain normal roles
• Health


  The American Nurses Association, in its social policy statement (2010), states, “Health and illness are human experiences. The presence of illness does not preclude health, nor does optimal health preclude illness”
• Health

  Florence Nightingale (1860/1969) defined health as a state of being well and using every power the individual possesses to the fullest extent
• Well-being


  Well-being is a subjective perception of vitality and feeling well, can be described objectively and measured, can be plotted on a continuum
• Health


  The World Health Organization (WHO) (1948) defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”
• Wellness


  A state of well-being, self-responsibility; an ultimate goal, the whole being of the individual; a dynamic, growing process; emotional health, daily decision making in the areas of nutrition, stress management, physical fitness, preventive health care
• Seven components of wellness

  1. Environmental: The ability to promote health measures that improve the standard of living and quality of life in the community. This includes influences such as food, water, and air.

  2. Social: The ability to interact successfully with people and within the environment of which each person is a part, to develop and maintain intimacy with significant others, and to develop respect and tolerance for those with different opinions and beliefs.

  3. Emotional: The ability to manage stress and to express emotions appropriately. Emotional wellness involves the ability to recognize, accept, and express feelings and to accept one’s limitations.

  4. Physical: The ability to carry out daily tasks, achieve fitness (e.g., pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal), maintain adequate nutrition and proper body fat, avoid abusing drugs and alcohol or using tobacco products, and generally practice positive lifestyle habits.

  5. Spiritual: The belief in some force (nature, science, religion, or a higher power) that serves to unite human beings and provide meaning and purpose to life. It includes a person’s own morals, values, and ethics.

  6. Intellectual: The ability to learn and use information effectively for personal, family, and career development. Intellectual wellness involves striving for continued growth
• Clinical Model


  Narrowest interpretation of health, medically oriented model
• Occupational wellness is the ability to achieve a balance between work and leisure time
• Components of Wellness

  • Physical
  • Emotional
  • Social
  • Spiritual
  • Environmental
  • Intellectual
  • Occupational
• Agent–host–environment Model

  Describes the cause of illness with three dynamic, interactive elements: Agent, Host, Environment
• Variables Influencing Health and Health Beliefs and Practices

  • Internal variables: Biologic dimension, Psychologic dimension, Cognitive dimension
• Adaptive Model

  Based on the ability to adapt to the environment and interact with it
• Health–illness Continua Model


  Measures an individual's perceived level of wellness, views health and illness as opposite ends of a health continuum
• Dunn’s High-Level Wellness Grid Model

  Describes a health grid with intersecting health and environmental axes, ranging from wellness to death and from a very favorable environment to a very unfavorable one
• Intellectual wellness involves striving for continued growth and learning to deal with new challenges effectively
• Eudaimonistic Model


  Most comprehensive, holistic view of health, actualization or realization of one's potential
• Role Performance Model

  Health is defined in terms of the individual's ability to perform work and fulfill societal roles
• Models of Health

  • Clinical Model
  • Role Performance Model
  • Adaptive Model
  • Eudaimonistic Model
  • Agent–host–environment Model
  • Health–illness Continua
• Agent–host–environment Model

  Health is seen when all three elements are in balance, illness is seen when one, two, or all three elements are not in balance
• The Health–illness Continuum is a graphic presentation of well-being, proposed by John W. Travis in 1972, incorporating mental and emotional health
• Illness–wellness Continuum ranges from optimal health to premature death, illustrating increasing levels of health and wellness to the right of the neutral point
• Common Causes of Disease

  • Biologic agent, Inherited genetic defects, Developmental defects, Physical agents, Chemical agents, Tissue response to irritations/injury, Faulty chemical/metabolic process, Emotional/physical reaction to stress
• Illness According to Duration

  • Acute Illness - usually has a short duration and is severe. Signs and symptoms appear abruptly, intense, and often subside after a relatively short period, Chronic Illness - usually longer than 6 months, can affect functioning in any dimension. The client may fluctuate between maximal functioning and serious relapses and may be life-threatening. Is characterized by remission and exacerbation
• Illness is a state in which a person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired. It is a condition characterized by a deviation from a normal, healthy state
• Movement to the right of the neutral point indicates increasing levels of health and wellness for an individual
• Impact of the Illness on the Individual

  • Behavior and Emotional changes, Impact on Body Image, Impact on self-concept
• Levels of Health Care cover a wide spectrum of personal and community services for the treatment of disease, prevention of illness, and promotion of health. The purpose of the Health Care System is to improve the health states of the population
• Variables influencing health and health beliefs and practices

  • INTERNAL VARIABLES: Biologic dimension (genetic makeup, gender, age, and developmental level), Psychologic dimension (mind-body interactions and self-concept), Cognitive dimension (intellectual factors include lifestyle choices and spiritual and religious beliefs)EXTERNAL VARIABLES: Physical environment, Standards of living, Family and cultural beliefs, Social support networks
• Disease is an alteration in body function resulting in a reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life span
• MAN WELL-BEING HEALTH ILLNESS WELLNESS THANK YOU
• A person’s illness affects not only the person who is ill but also the family or significant others. The kind of effect and its extent depend chiefly on three factors: the member of the family who is ill, the seriousness and length of the illness, and the cultural and social customs the family follows
• Stages of Illness


  Symptoms experience - person believes something is wrong with 3 aspects – physical, cognitive, emotional, Assumption of sick role - turns to professional help for assistance, Medical care contact - Seeks advice from professionals for validation of real illness, explanation of symptoms, reassurance, or prediction of outcome, Dependent Patient Role - The person becomes a client dependent on the health professional for help, Recovery (Rehabilitation) - Gives up the sick role and returns to former roles and functions
• Variables influencing illness and illness behavior

  INTERNAL VARIABLES: Clients perception of symptoms, The nature of illnessEXTERNAL VARIABLES: Visibility of symptoms, social group, cultural background, economic variables, accessibility of the health care system, social support
• Men were denied admission to most nursing programs during the 20th century, but today there are clinical areas or health facility employers who prefer male nurses
• Top Qualities of a Personal and Professional Nurse

  • A caring nature
  • Be empathetic
  • Write everything down (in detail)
  • Be organized
  • Be emotionally stable
  • Be adaptable
  • Have physical and mental endurance
  • Be a quick thinker (and have great judgement)
  • Be hard-working
  • Be a good communicator
• Fields of Nursing based on Specialization

  • General Nursing
  • Medical Nursing
  • Surgical Nursing
  • Maternal and Child Nursing
  • Psychiatric or Mental Health Nursing
  • Intensive Care Nursing
  • Dialysis Nurse
  • Community Health Nursing
  • Rehabilitation Nursing
  • Oncology Nursing
  • Plastic Surgery Nurses
  • Corrections Facility Nurses
  • Home care Nursing (Special Nurse)
  • Radiology Nurse
  • Academe/Nurse Educator and Administrator
  • Certified registered nurse anesthetist
• Characteristics of a Profession

  • Requirement of prolonged, specialized training to acquire a body of knowledge pertinent to the role to be performed
  • Orientation of the individual toward service, either to a community or to an organization
  • Ongoing research
  • A code of ethics
  • Autonomy
  • A professional organization
• Nursing education curricula have been revised to enable nurses to work in more diverse settings and assume more diverse roles
• Fields of Nursing based on Recipient of Care

  • Individuals: Newborns, infants, and children
  • Families
  • Communities