DRRR

• Hazard is a threat or harm that has the potential to cause damage to a community
• Two types of hazard :

  Natural

  Man-made
• Disaster is any event that causes widespread human, economic, and environmental losses or impacts that seriously disrupt the normal functioning of a community
• Disaster Risk may be specific location or condition of a community. Usually if certain hazards frequent a specific location or if the present situation of a community puts it in a dangerous position, the disaster risk becomes a vital consideration in defining the safety of the people in that community
• "We cannot eliminate disaster, but we can mitigate the risk. We can reduce damage and save more lives" - Ban Ki-moon ,the secretary General of the United Nations
• o Natural Disasters are devastating outcomes that result from _ from _ hazards. Examples of these are collapse of houses from landslides and incinerated grasslands from volcanic eruptions.
• o Man-made disasters, also called technical disasters, are destructions from man-made hazards such as bomb explosions, chemical spills, and even war.
• Primary effects are direct situations arising from the disaster itself. For example, when a strong typhoon hits a village, it can cause primary effects such as flooding, destruction of houses, damage to property and loss of life.
• Secondary effects are situations resulting from primary effects. Among the secondary effects of a strong typhoon that has hit a village is the disruption of electrical and water services because of damage to power and water lines.
• Tertiary effects are those that are not experienced as disaster is taking place but can be felt some time after the disaster has occurred. They may also develop from primary or secondary effects that have become permanent and may change a natural process in the community.
• o Affected Components

  • People

  • Building and Infrastructure

  • Economy

  • Environment
• physical perspective includes the visible or tangible materials, whether natural or man-made, which have been affected by a disaster. The altered or removed structures may change the landscape, zoning and accessibility of an area.
• psychological perspective refers to the people’s emotional, cognitive, or interpersonal reaction to difficulties. Catastrophic events can cause shock, terror, anxiety, disbelief, nightmares, trauma, social withdrawal or alienation, or depression to victims.
• sociocultural perspective centers on the response of the people, whether victims or not, to emergency situations and to the kind of assistance they receive. The characteristics of the affected families such as their religions, customs, attitudes, belief and values can influence their approach to their recovery from the disaster.
• economic perspective focuses on the disruption of economic activities in the community. Disasters, whether small- or large-scale, brings about serious economic consequences. Disaster loss is usually assessed in terms of injuries and death, destruction of fixed assets and infrastructure, and disruption in the flow of goods and services that can obviously affect economic factors such as gross domestic product (GPD) growth rates, indebtedness levels, and fiscal deficits.
• biological perspective takes into consideration the potential for infectious or communicable diseases after the disaster takes place. In the aftermath of a disaster, humans and animals that have been injured become susceptible to infections.
• • Housing and building development. In the pursuit of addressing the modern-day needs and wants of people, the environment is put at risk.
• • Presence of physical structure prone to disaster risks. Some disasters take place without anyone knowing them because the sites of disaster are void of any structure or community.
• The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies or IFRC defines vulnerability as “the diminished capacity of an individual or group to anticipate, cope with, resist, and recover from the impact of a natural or man-made hazard”.
• • Proximity to a hazard event. An area frequented by a certain hazard predisposes it to high vulnerability.
• Population refers to the number of individuals inhabiting a particular space at the same time.
• population density refers to the number of individuals living in an area in relation to the size of that area.
• • Capacity and efficiency to reduce disaster risk. The capacity of community to reduce disaster risk includes the accessibility of services and facilities that help in preparing for or during disaster.
• • Building codes and disaster policies. Building and other structures may increase disaster risk. When they fall or collapse due to hazard such as an earthquake, they can cause injury and even loss of lives. Thus, in the design and construction of buildings, possible hazards should be considered.
• Geoscience Australia define exposure as “the elements at risk from a natural or man – made hazard event.”
• Physical elements – these are the elements that are tangible or can be visually seen.
• Socioeconomic elements – these compromise the institutional and government systems that dictate the kind of well – being and lifestyles of communities. All these can be altered, enhanced, or even questioned when exposed to hazards.
• Environmental elements – these include the ecosystem and the natural processes that are exposed to hazards events. Organisms (i.e., human, animals and plants) depend on the environment for survival.
• Magnitude or Strength of the Event The magnitude of the hazard can be assessed by the measurements obtained from scientific measurements.
• Frequency

  The _ of the hazard to occur in an area is important because it tells its proneness to that hazard. This is usually, but not always, associated with the area’s geographical location on Earth or its topographical condition.
• Duration of Impact

  The impact of hazards varies in _. The assessment of the _ is either short or long. In earthquakes for example, the length of shaking, trembling, and even the after – shocks are recorded.
• Causality of Events

  The impact of hazards can be also assessed based on the _, that is, whether the exposed element receives the likely disaster directly or indirectly. Sometimes, other elements that are not visibly present in the site of event also suffer some degree of consequences because all communities interact within and outside their territory.
• Hazard – prone Areas

  A hazard – prone area is a location where a natural hazard is likely to happen if preventive measures are not implemented. Due to mainly to its geography, the Philippines is considered prone to natural hazards, and hence natural disaster as well. It is situated along the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area surrounding the basin of the Pacific Ocean where many volcanoes have formed.
• What is exposure?

  the elements at risk from a natural or man – made hazard event.
• If earthquakes are frequent in a particular region, it does not mean that all the provinces in that region are vulnerable. The vulnerability of the provinces differs in the way they prepare for the hazard and the moment and type of resources they have to prevent and manage it.

  Vulnerability is situation specific.
• This means that a community that is vulnerable to earthquakes does not necessarily mean that it is also vulnerable typhoon.

  Vulnerability is also hazard specific