T.L.E

• Types of Open Wounds

  • Puncture: Small hole in the soft tissue caused by a long, pointy object (e.g. nail)
  • Abrasion: Skin scrapes, slides, or rubs against a hard or rough surface
  • Laceration: Deep opening or tearing of skin
  • Avulsion: Partial or complete tearing away of skin and underlying tissue
  • Incision: Straight and clean cut in the skin
• Wound


  Break in the continuity of a tissue of the body either internal or external
• Dangers of Open Wounds

  • Hemorrhage
  • Infection
  • Shock
• Signs and Symptoms of Closed Wounds

  • Pain and Tenderness
  • Swelling
  • Hematoma may occur
  • Signs of blood along mouth, nose, and ear canal
  • Thirst
  • Vomiting or coughing-up of blood
  • Passage of blood in the urine or feces
• First Aid Management for Closed Wounds

  Use ice or cold packs to slow down blood flow, splinting to immobilize the soft tissue injury
• Sample History includes; Signs and Symptoms, Allergy, Medication, Past Medical History, Last Oral Intake, Events leading to injury or illness
• Rapid Assessment


  Scan the body to identify injuries that must be managed, Look, Listen, and Feel, take 60 to 90 seconds to perform, not a focused physical examination
• Ongoing Assessment


  Reassessment, check and adjust interventions as appropriate
• Secondary Assessment

  Head-to-toe
• Open Wound


  Break in the skin or mucus membrane; or the protective skin layer is damaged
• Types of Wounds

  • Closed Wound: Involves underlying tissue without break/damage in the skin or mucous membrane
• Activate Medical Assistance

  1. Call first or Care first?

  2. Request a bystander to call for EMS and get the AED if available
• Emergency Medical Services

  1. Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

  2. Contact Emergency Medical Services
• Patient Assessment


  1. Gathering information to determine possible illness or injury, including interviews and physical examination
• Secondary Assessment

  1. Head-to-toe Assessment (DCAP BTLS)

  2. Look for DCAP-BTLS (Responsive & unresponsive)

  3. Deformity

  4. Burn

  5. Contusion

  6. Abrasion

  7. Puncture

  8. Tenderness

  9. Laceration

  10. Swelling
• Primary Assessment

  1. Detect and correct all immediate life-threatening problems without compromising ABC (Airway, Breathing, Circulation)

  2. Form a general impression to determine the priority of care based on immediate assessment
• Rapid Assessment


  Scan the body to identify injuries that must be managed
• Precautionary measures to prevent disease transmission


  • Body Substance Isolation precautions intended to reduce the transmission of microorganisms to healthcare personnel and patients. Examples include Hand Hygiene, PPE, Disinfecting and cleaning of Equipment
• Components of Patient Assessment

  1. Sæne size-up

  2. Activate Medical Assistance

  3. Primary Assessment

  4. Secondary Assessment

  5. Ongoing Assessment
• Dressing

  • A sterile pad or cloth that is used in covering wound. It also controls bleeding, absorbs liquid from the wound (e.g. pus water, blood plasma), prevents infection and promotes healing
• Other use of bandages:

  • controls bleeding
  • supports medical device (splint)
  • restricts a part of the body
• Trauma

  • caused by external forces resulting to physical injury
• medical

  • caused by an illness/ diseases of the body
• BSIP

  • BODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION PRECAUTION
• A -alert

  V-verbal stimuli

  P-Painful stimuli

  U- Unresponsive
• Secondary Assessment

  • Deformity (bale)
  • Contusion (pasa)
  • Burn (paso)
  • Laceration (hiwa)
  • Abrasion (gasgas)
  • Puncture (butas)
  • Tenderness (nalamog)
  • Swelling (Pamamaga)
• Emergency Action Principles

  1. Survey the Scene

  2. Do a Primary Survey of the Victim

  3. Activate Medical Assistance and Transfer Facility

  4. Do a Secondary Survey of the Victim
• Primary Survey of the Victim

  1. Check for Consciousness

  2. Check for Circulation

  3. Check for C.A.B. (Carotid Pulse, Brachial Pulse)

  4. Check for Airway

  5. Check for Breathing
• Secondary Survey of the Victim


  Interview the victim to gather additional information about injuries or conditions that may need care
• Survey the Scene

  1. Ensure the scene of the emergency is safe for you, the victim/s, and any bystander/s

  2. Identify yourself as a trained first aider

  3. Get consent to give care
• P.A.S.A.C.

  • Patient’s Name
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Address
  • Contact No.
• First Aid Management for Closed Wounds: ICE – ice or cold packs will slow down the flow of blood due to the constricting of blood vessels. SPLINTING – immobilizing the soft tissue injury with a splint
• First Aid Management for Wounds: Control Bleeding, Cover the wound with dressing and secure with a bandage, Care for Shock, Consult or refer to physician
• Classification of Open Wounds

  • Puncture: a small hole in the soft tissue caused by a long, pointy object
  • Abrasion: skin scrapes, slides, or rubs against a hard or rough surface
  • Laceration: deep opening or tearing of skin
  • Avulsion: partial or complete tearing away of skin and the underlying tissue
  • Incision: straight and clean cut in the skin
• Causes of Closed Wounds

  • Impacts or blows from blunt objects result in contusions or bruises
  • Application of external forces such as motor vehicle accidents and falls
• Open Wound


  A break in the skin or mucous membrane; or the protective skin layer is damaged
• Secondary Survey of the Victim

  1. Interview the victim

  2. Assess P.A.S.A.C.

  3. Assess the S.A.M.P.L.E. history
• Signs and Symptoms of Closed Wounds

  • Pain and tenderness
  • Swelling
  • Hematoma may occur (pooling of blood within the damaged tissue)
  • Signs of blood along mouth, nose, and ear canal
  • Thirst
  • Vomiting or coughing-up of blood
  • Passage of blood in the urine or feces
• S.A.M.P.L.E. history


  • Signs and Symptoms
  • Allergies
  • Medications
  • Pertinent past medical history
  • Last intake and output
  • Events leading to the illness or injury
• Closed Wound


  Involves the underlying tissue without break/damage in the skin or mucous membrane