Reading & Writing

• Story telling- takes one person from the real world to the reality of the story being read

  Narration
• used to explain technical words and concepts

  Definition
• two types of definition

  informal and formal
• species + genus + differentiae

  formal
• two types of informal definition

  denotation and connotation
• dictionary meaning

  denotation
• what the word signifies

  connotation
• words like fragrant, curious, guest

  positive connotation
• words like odor, nosy, intruder

  negative connotation
• common methods used in paragraph development

  • stating its characteristics
  • by function
  • by what it is not
  • by what it is similar to
  • by examples
  • by word of origin / etymology
  • by its effect
• uses sensory language

  description
• two types of description

  objective and subjective
• to illustrate (for instance, for example, etc.)

  exemplification
• to arrange (classified as, another, 1st category, etc.)

  classification
• similarities of the subject

  comparison
• differences of the subject

  contrast
• compares and contrasts one subject at a time

  block method
• two subjects at a time, alternately

  point-by-point
• answers the question why did it happen and what is the result

  cause and effect
• addresses the problem and concludes the essay with a solution

  problem-solution
• lists down only the effects of the problem

  (problem) effects only
• outlines the causes and lists down solutions

  (problem) causes and effects
• illustrates the problem through narrating experiences

  (problem) extended example
• shows ways to prevent the problem from happening

  (solution) preventive measures
• suggests the easiest of solutions first (plan a, plan b, etc.)

  (solution) a series of steps
• gives advice or helpful tips

  (solution) advice
• gives solutions that have already been tried, as well as newer ones that you are proposing

  (solution) a choice of solutions
• a form of argument to persuade people

  persuasive