Respiratory System

• What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

  Exchange of Oxygen (O2) and Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• What structures are included in the respiratory system?

  Lungs and bronchial tubes
• How is air moved through the lungs?

  By the ventilating mechanism
• What are the two components of the respiratory system based on function?

  1. Conducting portion

  • Nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

  1. Respiratory portion

  • Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
• What are alveoli?

  Cellular sites of gas exchange
• What is the structure of the nose?

  Hollow organ divided into two cavities
• What is the composition of the nasal cavity?

  Bone, cartilage, muscle, and connective tissue
• What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?

  Stratified squamous epithelium and pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
• What is the function of olfactory epithelium?

  Specialized region for smell
• What are the three types of cells in the olfactory epithelium?

  1. Supporting cells
  2. Basal cells
  3. Olfactory cells/neurons
• Where are the paranasal sinuses located?

  Within the bones surrounding the nasal cavity
• What are the four paranasal sinuses?

  1. Frontal sinus
  2. Ethmoidal/Ethmoid sinus
  3. Sphenoidal/Sphenoid sinus
  4. Maxillary sinus
• What is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

  Lightens the skull and produces mucus
• What are the three anatomical regions of the pharynx?

  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
• What is the role of the nasopharynx?

  Exchanges air with auditory tubes
• What functions does the oropharynx serve?

  Both respiratory and digestive functions
• What type of epithelium lines the laryngopharynx?

  Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• What is the larynx also known as?

  Voice box
• What is the primary role of the larynx?

  Connects pharynx to trachea and phonation
• What are the structures of the larynx?

  1. Epiglottis
  2. Thyroid cartilage
  3. Cricoid cartilage
  4. Arytenoid cartilage
  5. Corniculate cartilage
  6. Cuneiform cartilage
  7. Vocal cords
  8. False vocal folds
• What is the function of the epiglottis?

  Prevents food from entering the trachea
• What is the largest cartilage in the larynx?

  Thyroid cartilage
• What is the role of the cricoid cartilage?

  Provides structural support to the larynx
• What is the function of the arytenoid cartilage?

  Crucial for vocal cord movement
• What do the vocal cords do?

  Vibrate to produce sound
• What is the trachea also known as?

  Windpipe
• What is the primary function of the trachea?

  Conducts air to the lungs
• What type of epithelium lines the trachea?

  Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• What is the role of bronchi in the respiratory system?

  Facilitates air movement into and out of lungs
• What are the two types of bronchi based on location?

  Extrapulmonary and intrapulmonary bronchi
• What are bronchioles?

  Intralobular airways with diameters of 1 mm or less
• What type of epithelium lines larger bronchioles?

  Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• What are the functions of club cells in terminal bronchioles?

  • Secretion of surfactant
  • Detoxification
  • Secretion of antimicrobial peptides
• What are the types of bronchioles?

  1. Lobular bronchioles
  2. Terminal bronchioles
  3. Respiratory bronchioles
• What is the primary function of the lungs?

  Facilitate gas exchange with the circulatory system
• What do respiratory bronchioles contain?

  Saclike alveoli for gas exchange
• What are alveolar ducts?

  Tubes lined by openings of alveoli
• What is the structure of alveoli?

  Sac-like evaginations for gas exchange
• What are the two types of alveolar epithelium?

  1. Type I alveolar cell/Pneumocyte
  2. Type II alveolar cell/Granular Pneumocyte
• What do Type II alveolar cells secrete?

  Phospholipids