internal migration

Cards (12)

  • Causes of rural to urban migration (push factors):
    • poor services
    • low wages
    • no running water
    • lack of electricity
    • mechanisation leads to unemployment
    • improved healthcare lowers death rate leads to unemployment
  • Causes of rural to urban migration (pull factors):
    • job availability
    • high wages
    • relatives
    • healthcare
    • education
    • cumulative causation
  • core periphery model:
    • applies mostly to LICs and MICs in colonial times
    • industrialisation -> mechanisation -> unemployment -> migration from rural areas to urban areas
    • shows that migration was encouraged for labour
    • doesn't explain why some people migrate and others don't
    • doesn't explain migration that doesn't lead to the core
  • impacts of urban-rural migration: city
    • rich people move
    • less tax revenue
    • can't solve problems due to lack of investment
    • more run down deprived areas
    • cycle repeats
  • impacts of urban-rural migration: rural towns
    • population grows
    • overcrowded
    • businesses grow
    • more jobs for locals
  • impact of urban-rural migration: rural villages
    • people move
    • use cars to go to the city so roads are busier, and public transport stops
    • use urban services so village shops close
    • use urban schools so village schools close
    • villages become empty so community life declines
    • higher demand for housing so old agricultural buildings are converted
    • new houses built
    • housing prices increase so young locals can't live in their village
  • reasons for internal migration in LICs/MICs:
    • greater disparities between areas
    • job availability in cities
    • decreased satisfaction
    • improved transport
    • increased education
    • media
    • government policy
    • employment of women
    • less international migration
    • climate change
  • Brazil rural-urban:
    • rural population growth, low death rates
    • mechanisation, unemployment e.g. sugar estates in North East Brazil
    • natural hazards e.g. droughts and floods in North East Brazil
    • industrialisation
    • interesting lifestyle
    • opportunities e.g. education
    • amenities
    • better transport
    • better information e.g. media and social media
    • cumulative causation
  • impacts Brazil rural-urban:
    • Brazil GDP increased, now an NIC with automobile and aerospace industries
    • low wages cause favelas
    • informal economy flourished but don't pay taxes
    • pressure on essential services
    • overcrowding
  • management Brazil rural-urban:
    • TNCs e.g. Fiat in Belo Horizonte to set up formal economy
    • renovation funded by council
    • rented houses with good water and electricity
    • provide services to favelas
    • better public transport to stop congestion and pollution e.g. Curitiba in SE Brazil has sustainable transport system
    • improved conditions in countryside to ease push factors
  • Brazil urban-urban:
    • Rio is crowded bc its narrow and congested between mountains and sea
    • noise pollution, air pollution
    • favelas with crime and drug use
    • crowded beaches
    • Barra de Tijuca has good security
    • easy commute to rio by motorway
    • modern malls
    • clean, efficient, cheap transport
    • job availability
    • 2016 Olympics so more leisure and entertainment facilities
    • highest HDI in Brazil (0.970)
  • Andalucia urbano-rural:
    • Malaga and Granada
    • new motorways e.g. Autovia del Mediterraneo
    • air, noise pollution, high property prices, high crime
    • countryside is safer
    • dispersed settlement around villages e.g. Frigiliana