internal migration

• Causes of rural to urban migration (push factors):

  • poor services
  • low wages
  • no running water
  • lack of electricity
  • mechanisation leads to unemployment
  • improved healthcare lowers death rate leads to unemployment
• Causes of rural to urban migration (pull factors):

  • job availability
  • high wages
  • relatives
  • healthcare
  • education
  • cumulative causation
• core periphery model:

  • applies mostly to LICs and MICs in colonial times
  • industrialisation -> mechanisation -> unemployment -> migration from rural areas to urban areas
  • shows that migration was encouraged for labour
  • doesn't explain why some people migrate and others don't
  • doesn't explain migration that doesn't lead to the core
• impacts of urban-rural migration: city

  • rich people move
  • less tax revenue
  • can't solve problems due to lack of investment
  • more run down deprived areas
  • cycle repeats
• impacts of urban-rural migration: rural towns

  • population grows
  • overcrowded
  • businesses grow
  • more jobs for locals
• impact of urban-rural migration: rural villages

  • people move
  • use cars to go to the city so roads are busier, and public transport stops
  • use urban services so village shops close
  • use urban schools so village schools close
  • villages become empty so community life declines
  • higher demand for housing so old agricultural buildings are converted
  • new houses built
  • housing prices increase so young locals can't live in their village
• reasons for internal migration in LICs/MICs:

  • greater disparities between areas
  • job availability in cities
  • decreased satisfaction
  • improved transport
  • increased education
  • media
  • government policy
  • employment of women
  • less international migration
  • climate change
• Brazil rural-urban:

  • rural population growth, low death rates
  • mechanisation, unemployment e.g. sugar estates in North East Brazil
  • natural hazards e.g. droughts and floods in North East Brazil
  • industrialisation
  • interesting lifestyle
  • opportunities e.g. education
  • amenities
  • better transport
  • better information e.g. media and social media
  • cumulative causation
• impacts Brazil rural-urban:

  • Brazil GDP increased, now an NIC with automobile and aerospace industries
  • low wages cause favelas
  • informal economy flourished but don't pay taxes
  • pressure on essential services
  • overcrowding
• management Brazil rural-urban:

  • TNCs e.g. Fiat in Belo Horizonte to set up formal economy
  • renovation funded by council
  • rented houses with good water and electricity
  • provide services to favelas
  • better public transport to stop congestion and pollution e.g. Curitiba in SE Brazil has sustainable transport system
  • improved conditions in countryside to ease push factors
• Brazil urban-urban:

  • Rio is crowded bc its narrow and congested between mountains and sea
  • noise pollution, air pollution
  • favelas with crime and drug use
  • crowded beaches
  • Barra de Tijuca has good security
  • easy commute to rio by motorway
  • modern malls
  • clean, efficient, cheap transport
  • job availability
  • 2016 Olympics so more leisure and entertainment facilities
  • highest HDI in Brazil (0.970)
• Andalucia urbano-rural:

  • Malaga and Granada
  • new motorways e.g. Autovia del Mediterraneo
  • air, noise pollution, high property prices, high crime
  • countryside is safer
  • dispersed settlement around villages e.g. Frigiliana