international migration

• international migration factors:

  • population pressure
  • economic differences
  • fewer barriers
  • natural disasters
  • war
• international migration (voluntary):

  • students and workers
  • cheap transport
  • more women
  • HIC to HIC
  • LIC to anywhere
• international migration (forced):

  • slavery
  • war
  • ethnic cleansing
  • little economic contribution
  • natural disasters
  • human induced disasters
• negative economic impacts on origin:

  • loss of young adults from the labour force
  • abandoned farms, reduced agricultural output
  • less investment from TNCs
  • slower economic development due to brain drain
  • ageing population leads to higher taxes
• positive economic impacts on origin:

  • remaining workers are more productive
  • more food available
  • less pressure on essential services
  • fewer housing shortages
  • larger farms lead to higher food production
  • remittances cause economic growth
  • returning migrants bring a wider range of skills
• negative social impacts on origin:

  • unbalanced social structure
  • difficult to find marriage partners
  • traditional extended family is disrupted
• positive social impacts on origin:

  • lower population density
  • decreased birth rate
  • women become heads of households
  • remittances pay for renovations and education
  • more awareness of education and leisure
• political impacts on origin:

  • pro-natalist policies
  • discouraged emigration
  • increased taxes
• negative economic impacts on destination:

  • higher cost of health and education services
  • more houses needed, so taxes increase
  • industries use migrants for work rather than locals
  • money is sent back instead of being used in the country to boost the economy
  • difficult to reduce unemployment
• positive economic impacts on destination:

  • migrants take less desirable jobs (DDD)
  • gains skilled labour at lower costs
  • fills skills shortages
  • lower labour costs
  • if migrants return, pensions aren't needed
  • work permits can be revoked during recession
• negative social impacts on destination:

  • ethnic ghettos decrease house prices and cause racial tension
  • schools are dominated by migrants children
  • cultural identity lost over time
• positive social impacts on destination:

  • multi-ethnic society leads to appreciation and understanding
  • revitalise declining services e.g. convenience stores
  • wider range of products available
• political and cultural impact on destination:

  • discrimination leads to unrest and laws
  • election of anti-immigration parties
  • restrictions on immigration
  • stronger cultural identity among immigrants
  • art, music, and style from migrants influence mainstream
• environmental impacts on destination:

  • reduced population pressure leads to reduced rate of environmental degradation
  • larger cities, more air and noise pollution
• types of displacement:

  1. asylum seeker
  2. refugee
  3. internally displaced person
  4. stateless person