Functional Anatomy

• Axial Skeleton

  Forms the basic central structure to support the remainder of the skeleton
• Appendicular skeleton

  Major role is to assist with movement and includes the major limbs
• Functions of the Skeleton

  • Provides framework and structure for the body as well as giving it shape
  • Attachment point for muscles, when a muscle contracts the bone moves acting as a lever to help create movment
  • Protects vital organs
  • Responsible for storing essential minerals
  • Produces red blood cells in the bone marrow
• Classification of joints

  • Fibrous (immovable)
  • Cartilaginous (slightly movable)
  • Synovial (freely movable)
• Synovial joints

  Most common joints, designed to allow movement in at least 1 direction with assistance from the lubrication of synovial fluid
• Types of synovial joints

  • Gliding (carpal and tarsal bones)
  • Hinge (knees and elbows)
  • Pivot (head and vertebrae)
  • Saddle (carpels of thumb)
  • Condyloid (carpels of wrist and radius)
  • Ball and socket (shoulder and hip)
• Functions of muscular System

  • Produce Movement
  • Maintain Posture
  • Maintain Essential Bodily Functions
  • Stabilise Joints
  • Generate Heat
• Origin

  The bone that the origin of the muscle is attached to, does not move when the muscle contracts (proximal)
• Insertion

  The bone that the insertions attached to moves more when the muscle contracts (Distal)
• Antagonostic pairs

  When muscles produce movement they work in pairs, this is because muscles can only pull not push.

  • Agonist (contraction)
  • Antagonist (relax)
• Third class levers

  Force in the middle

  • Flextion
• Types of muscles

  • Smooth
  • Cardiac
  • Skeletal
• Sliding filament theory 1.

  A neurochemical stimulation releases calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcomere.
• Sliding filament theory 2.


  This causes the Actin filaments to reveal a binding site for the myosin head to connect.
• Sliding filament theory 3.

  Myosin heads bind to the Actin filaments, creating a cross-bridge
• Sliding filament theory 4.

  Breakdown of ATP releases energy to stimulate the myosin cross bridges to pull the actin filaments towards the mid-line of the sarcomere.
• Sliding filament theory 5.

  This results in the shortening of the sarcomere as the actin and myosin filaments “slide over” each other, causing the Z lines to come closer together and the H zone to shorten.
• Sliding filament theory 6.

  Shortening each sarcomere shortens the myofibril, resulting in the shortening of the muscle fibres, and movement occurs.
• Sliding filament theory 7.

  Cross bridges attach and re-attach at different times to create movement and maintain tension
• Sliding filament theory 8.

  The process keeps repeating if the neural impulse is present or the muscle relaxes if the neural impulse ends
• Characteristics of skeletal muscles

  • Excitability
  • Extensibility
  • Contractibility
  • Elasticity
• 
  

  Excitability is the ability to contract in response to chemical and/or electrical signals sent by the Cns
• Contractibility is the ability of a muscle to contract with either 100% force or none at all.
• Extensibility is the capacity of a muscle to stretch beyond its normal resting length
• Elasticity is the ability of a muscle to return to the original resting length after being stretched.
• slow twitch- type 1

  Colour: red

  Contraction speed: slow

  Resistance to fatigue: high

  Activity type: aerobic

  Force production: low force

  Major fuel source: Triglycerides and glycogen
• Fast Twitch- type 11b

  colour: white

  contraction speed: very fast

  force production: very high

  resistance to fatigue: low

  activity type: short-term anaerobic 

  major fuel source: creatine phosphate and glycogen
• Fast Twitch- type 11a

  colour: white

  contraction speed: fast

  Force production: high

  Resistance to fatigue: medium

  Activity type: long-term anaerobic

  Major fuel source: Creatine phosphate and glycogen