LESSON1

• Religion


  Derived from the Latin word “religare” meaning to bind together. It is a system of beliefs and practices directed toward entities above men
• Political Identities


  Refers to how a person or group think of themselves in relation to the politics and government of a country. Tendency for people of a particular religion, race, social background, etc. to form exclusive political alliances
• Nationality


  The legal relationship binding a person and a country, allowing the state to protect and have jurisdiction over the person
• Xenocentrism refers to the preference for a foreign culture’s goods, ideas, styles, and traditions over one's own culture
• Politics


  Derived from the Greek word “polis” meaning city-state. It is the way in which we understand our social affairs and acquire greater control over the situation
• Society


  Coined by Auguste Comte, refers to a social organism possessing a harmony of structure and function. Originated from the Latin ‘societas/ socius’ signifying a “friendly association with others”. It refers to a grouping of individuals characterized by common interest and may have distinctive culture and institutions
• Political Identities


  • The feminist movement (GABRIELA)
  • Ang Ladlad (LGBTQIA community)
  • Ang Kabataan (youth empowerment)
• Socio-Economic Status


  Category of persons more or less privileged based on collective experiences, including Upper class, Middle class, Lower class
• Ethnicity


  Expression of the set of cultural ideas held by a distinct ethnic or indigenous group. Smaller cultural groups sharing specific environments, traditions, and histories not necessarily subscribed to by mainstream culture
• Human culture variation refers to the differences in social behaviors exhibited by different cultures around the world, promoting diversity and plurality in cultural traditions
• Cultural relativism refers to the idea that the values, knowledge, and behavior of people must be understood within their own cultural context
• Ethnocentrism promotes an individual’s culture as the most efficient and superior
• Social Differences


  Differences among individuals based on social characteristics and qualities
• Exceptionality


  Describes how individuals’ abilities deviate from normal standards set by society, ranging from extraordinary abilities to developmental delays, emotional, and behavioral disorders
• Categories of Human Cultural Variation

  • Religion
  • Ethnicity
  • Nationality
  • Social Differences
  • Gender
  • Gender (LGBTQIA+)
  • Socio-Economic Status
  • Exceptionality
  • Political Identities
• Ethnic groups in the Philippines

  • Igorot
  • Lowland Christianized groups like Ilocano, Pangasinense, Kapampangan, Tagalog, Bicolano, Visayans
• Gender (LGBTQIA+)


  • Lesbian
  • Gay
  • Bisexual
  • Transgender
  • Queer/Questioning
  • Intersex
• Culture


  Comes from the Latin word “cultus” meaning ‘care’ and from the French “colere” meaning ‘to till’. Defined as shared beliefs, values, and practices that participants in a society must learn. Composed of behavior acquired and transmitted through symbols. It is the “way of life” of a particular group of people, their values, beliefs, norms, and practices
• Gender


  Socially constructed characteristics of being male or female, different from biological sex