Uscp

• Hunting and Gathering Society consisted of nomadic societies with small groups of 20-40 members and the family as the basic and oldest unit of the society
• Post-Industrial Society


  • Driven by knowledge, characterized by professions such as software programmers, business consultants, finance professionals, healthcare workers, and salespeople, leading to information/digital societies
• Hunting and Gathering Society produced simple tools and exploited wild animals and plants with food being a major concern
• Types of Societies

  1. Hunting and Gathering Society

  2. Horticultural and Pastoral Society

  3. Agricultural Society

  4. Industrial Society

  5. Post-Industrial Society
• Major inventions during the Industrial Revolution

  • Spinning Jenny - Invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves
  • Power Loom - Invented in 1784 by Edward Cartwright
  • Sewing Machine - Invented in 1851 by Isaac Merritt Singer
  • Steam Engine - Invented in 1760 by James Watt
  • Telegraph - Invented in 1836 by Samuel Morse
  • Incandescent Light Bulb - Invented in 1879 by Thomas Edison
• Industrial Society emerged during the Industrial Revolution in Europe with industry as the primary means of subsistence
• Gerhard Lenski


  • American Sociologist
  • Believed that the development of technology and the application of societal resources in response to human needs lead to the evolution and transformation of society
  • Coined the term "Sociocultural Evolution"
• Horticultural and Pastoral Society involved permanent settlements, domestication of animals, cultivation of plants, food surplus, and specialization in society
• Hunting and Gathering Society is the earliest form of Human Society
• Agricultural Society began 5,000 years ago during the Neolithic period with the primary means of subsistence being crop cultivation, the use of fertilizer, creation of irrigation, emergence of early civilization, and the introduction of money as a form of exchange replacing the barter system, leading to social inequality
• Effects of the Industrial Revolution include increased migration, growth of urban population, emergence of social classes/social hierarchy, changes in lifestyle, and the emergence of Marxism and conflict theory with the distinction between blue-collar and white-collar workers
• JOHN LOCKE: 'Human mind is nothing but a Blank Slate or TABULA RASA'
• Identity formation

  Development of an individual's distinct personality, recognized or known by others
• Social status and role

  Refers to the position an individual occupies in society and the pattern of expected behavior in a social relationship
• Acculturation

  Refers to the process by which individuals or groups learn the aspects of a culture that are not their own
• Role set

  • DAUGHTER
  • SISTER
  • FRIEND
  • TEACHER
  • YOU
  • STUDENTS
  • COLLEAGUES
  • PRINCIPAL
  • COMMUNITY
  • SUPPORT STAFF
• Two types of Socialization

  • PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION
  • SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION
• Social role

  Involves the pattern of expected behavior in a social relationship with one or more persons occupying other statuses
• PYGMALION EFFECT: 'People are influenced by the expectations built upon them'
• Agents of Socialization

  • FAMILY
  • SCHOOL
• CHARLES COOLEY: 'Describes the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them'
• Role conflict


  Exists when two or more social roles overlap and are incompatible
• Socialization

  1. Refers to the lifelong process of social interaction through which people acquire their identities and necessary survival skills in society

  2. Enables the person to gradually become a self-aware and knowledgeable human being, and learn the ways, values, rules, and culture of the society of others
• Enculturation

  Process whereby individuals learn their group's culture through experience, observation, and instruction
• Two types of social status

  • ASCRIBED STATUS
  • ACHIEVED STATUS
• Conformity - Internalization

  1. Occurs when an individual accepts influence because the content of the induced behavior is intrinsically rewarding

  2. Adopts induced behavior because it is congruent with their value system
• Mass Media

  New socialization interaction sharing knowledge widely through advanced technology
• Agents of Socialization

  • Family
  • School
  • Peer Group
  • Church
  • Workplace
  • Mass Media
• Peer Group

  1. An informal group consisting of two or more persons

  2. Reinforces acceptable behavior introduced by family and school, allowing a certain degree of independence from family and authority figures
• Conformity - Compliance

  1. Occurs when an individual accepts influence to achieve a favorable reaction from another person or group

  2. Adopts induced behavior expecting specific rewards or approval and avoiding punishment or disapproval
• Social Control

  Defined as any systematic means and practices used to maintain norms, rules, and laws; regulate conflict; and discourage deviant behavior in a society
• Family

  1. The primary agent of socialization of an individual upon birth throughout infancy, and up to childhood

  2. The basic institution for socialization

  3. The first mean where children acquire their skills in socializing people
• Church

  1. A formal organization intended to develop opportunities for spiritual nourishment

  2. Greatly affects the attitudes and outlook of an individual
• Conformity


  Process where individuals attempt to change their behavior to conform with defined social norms
• Conformity - Identification

  1. Occurs when an individual accepts influence to establish or maintain a satisfying self-defining relationship with another person or group

  2. Conforms to the expectations of social roles
• Deviance

  1. Behavior disapproved by others because they believe something should be done about it

  2. Breaking a rule or an act of non-conformity with the norm
• School

  1. Considered as the formal agent of socialization where children are fed up by educational system

  2. Children learn how to read, write, and have moral values through the hidden curriculum
• Conformity - Ingratiational

  Conforms to impress or gain favor/acceptance from other people, motivated by the need for social rewards rather than the threat of rejection
• Four Types of Conformity

  • Compliance
  • Identification
  • Ingratiational
  • Internalization
• Characteristics of Deviance

  • Understood within its social context
  • May change over time
  • Depends on the status and role a person holds
  • Depends on the audience norms