Memory

• Participants heard an argument and then saw a man run past holding a grease-covered pen (low anxiety) or a knife covered in blood (high anxiety). In the low anxiety situation, identification of the man was 49% accurate but only 33% in the high anxiety scenario.
• Define Procedural Memory:
• Goodwin (1969) researched ‘state dependent forgetting’. Participants had to learn a word list either drunk or sober. Recall of the words was best when they were drunk during both encoding and recall or sober during both encoding and recall.
• List the components of the Cognitive Interview:
• Scoville and Milner (1957) studied HM who had his hippocampus removed to treat his epilepsy. He was unable to form new LTMs but could form STMs.
• List the two types of declarative memory:
• Abernathy (1940) studied ‘context dependent forgetting’. Students were tested in different conditions: by their regular instructor in their usual teaching room/different one, or by a different instructor in usual teaching room/different one. Results were best when tested in their usual room by their usual instructor.
• Cues in memory

  Triggers to a memory, such as the category a word belonged to or the room in which it was learned
• Research on the effects of misleading information on EWT was conducted by Loftus and Palmer in 1974
• Research related to retrieval failure

  1. Gave participants a list of 48 words from 12 different categories

  2. Recall was 40% accurate without retrieval cues

  3. Recall was 60% accurate when the category was given as a retrieval cue
• Two types of declarative memory

  • Semantic Memory
  • Episodic Memory