GENBIO SYSTEMATICS & EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION

• What are the 3 structures in different organisms that can be compared to infer common lineage?

  Homologous structures, Analogous structures, and Vestigial structures
• This structure have lost mosr of its ancestral function in more recent species.

  Vestegial structures
• This structures are with the same set of bones appear different and may have varied functions.

  Homologous structures
• This structures perform the same function but have very different embryological development or set of structures.

  Analogous structures
• Common structures shared in the embryo stage and disappear by the time the embryo reaches the juvenile or adult form.

  Evidence from Embryology
• Organisms usually arise in areas where similar forms already exist. Similar organisms may also be found in different locations which could mean that the two places were previously connected.

  Evidences from Biogeography.
• Many organisms have similar molecules of life (RNA, DNA, proteins) that suggest descent from a common ancestor with modifications.

  Evidence from Molecular Biology
• Living things share some biomolecules which may be used to prove relationships. The building blocks of these chemicals may be analyzed to show similarities and differences among organisms.

  Evolutionary Relationship
• The more similarities, the closer the relationships.

  Evolutionary Relationship
• The fewer the differences there are between the organisms the more closely related they are. 

  Evolutionary Relationship
• Classifying organism into taxa.

  Taxonomy
• Governs the pracyices of naming, describing, identifying, and preservation.

  Taxonomy
• Classification + Nomenclature = ?

  Taxomony
• It governs the evolutionary history and phylogenetic relationship in addition to taxonomy.

  Systematics
• It has a broad field of biology that studies the diversification of species.

  Systematics
• Taxonomy + Phylogeny = ?

  Systematics
• This is a diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms.

  Phylogenetic Tree
• What are the parts of a phylogenetic tree?

  Root, branch, node, clade, and taxon (taxa)
• It was first proposed in 1969 and now the most widely used. It also places all prokaryotes in a single Kingdom Monera and separates the three principal branches of multicellular eukaryotes as separate Kingdoms.

  The Five Kingdoms
• This is based on modern molecular evidence and it uses the category Domain as a Superkingdom to emphasize the extremely ancient lineages.

  The Three Domains
• What are the three domains?

  Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
• What are the traditional five kingdoms?

  Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
• Who came up with the five kingdoms classification?

  Robert H. Whittaker (1969)
• Who invented the taxonomy system?

  Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
• This is a hierarchical system since organisms are grouped into ever more inclusive categories from species up to kingdom.

  Taxonomic System
• What is this category higher than kingdom?

  Domain
• Who proposed this category higher than kingdom?

  Carl Wooese
• What is the taxonomy system's overall chronological order? (Inclusive)

  Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom
• What is the taxonomy system's overall chronological order? (Exclusive)

  Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
• Why are phylogenetic trees useful to biologists?

  Evolution Research• Testing hypotheses.• Learning extinct species characteristics.• Classifying organisms.
• What is this system bases on phylogeny to organize species or other groups in ways that reflect our understanding of how they evolved from their common ancestors?

  Classification System
• The first feature of Linnaeus' taxonomy is known as what?

  Binomial Nomenclature
• What is this naming system devises a scientific name for an organism based on Genus and species?

  Binomial Nomenclature
• What is the scientific name of a cow?

  Bos taurus
• What is the scientific name of a Grizzly bear?

  Ursus arctos horribilis
• What is the scientific name of a Clown fish?

  Amphiprion ocellaris
• What is the scientific name of a Chilean flamingo?

  Balaenoptera musculus
• What is the scientific name of a horse?

  Equus caballus
• What is the scientific name of a carabao?

  Bubalus bubalid carabanesis
• What is the scientific name of a milkfish?

  Chanos chanos