GENDER AND SOCIETY

• Patriarchy


  Social system where men primarily hold power in the political and private spheres
• Intersex


  Individuals with composite genitals (possessing some characteristics of both male and female genitals)
• Sexuality


  The totality of our own experience of our sex and gender
• Feminism


  Continuing series of social movements that aim to challenge the patriarchal society that creates these oppressive political structures, beliefs, and practices against women
• Sex chromosomes


  Chromosomal markers that distinguish females (XX) from male (XY) species
• Social constructionism


  People’s understanding of reality is partially, if not entirely, socially situated
• Individuals internalize social expectations for gender norms and behave accordingly
• Gender


  The social interpretation of sex; masculinity, femininity, etc.
• Sex


  The biological aspect of the sex; maleness and femaleness
• gender identity” is given from a person’s birth, determining how a person culturally interacts and the expectations society places on them.
• Hormones are chemical substances secreted by glands throughout the body and carried

  in the bloodstream.
• Estrogen (female hormones) includes estradiol and progesterone.
• Androgens (male hormones) include testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
• Testosterone is a sex hormone, which is more present in males than females, and affects development and behavior both before and after birth.
• Cooking as A Woman’s Role
• Working – Men Work Outside, Women At Home
• Care Taking – Comes Naturally To Women
• Dressing – Women Wear Skirts, Men Wear Pants
• Boys Play Outside, Girls Play With Dolls
• Sensitivity – Men don’t cry, women do
• Men can be angry, women are docile
• Men Pay on Date (Dating)
• Men are the providers and protectors
• Women Are Pretty, Men Are Handsome (Vanity)
• Lévi-Strauss developed these theories in The Elementary Structures of Kinship (1949)
• Judith Butler- Gender Trouble
• Gender theory developed in the academy during the 1970s and 1980s as a set of ideas guiding historical and other scholarship in the West.
• Claude Lévi-Strauss, an anthropologist, developed the theory called structuralism.
• Individuals whose gender identity aligns with their assigned sex are said to be cisgender.
• Transgender individuals are those whose gender identity does not align with their assigned sex.
• • Gender studies- a field of study concerned about how reproductive roles are interpreted and negotiated in the society through gender. • Social Research- the process of investigating social realities • Research Approach- the orientation in understanding social realities. This can be qualitative (interpretative), quantitative (deductive), or both. • Ethics in research- these are considerations in conducting research to make sure that well-being of the participants are ensured, and that the outcome of the study is sound without undue harm to people involved.
• Gender role or sex role are “sets of culturally defined behaviors as masculinity and femininity” according to the Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender (2019).
• Reproduction- process of producing off springs.

  ⚫ Genitals- external sex organ.

  ⚫ Primary sex characteristic-sex characteristic that are present at birth.

  ⚫ Secondary sex characteristics- sex characteristics that emerge during puberty
• Sexuality is a core component of personality and a fundamental part of human life.
• hypothalamus (a gland located at the base of the brain which regulates temperature, sleep, emotions, sexual function and behavior
• Male puberty generally occurs between the ages of 13-15
• Female puberty generally occurs between the ages of 9-13
• The mons pubis (a fatty mound which covers the pubic bone
• labia majora (outer lips of the vagina), the labia minora (the inner lips of the vagina)
• urethral opening (opening of the urethra, a tube which carries urine from the bladder outside of the body), the clitoris (a small structure with sensitive nerve endings located within the labia minora, the sole purpose of which is for sexual arousal and pleasure), and the perineum (the space between the anus (the rectal opening), and the vaginal opening).