Physics, Coulomb's Law, Electric Field

• Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1736–1806) was a French physicist and engineer who made significant contributions to several areas of science, including mechanics, electricity, and magnetism.
• Coulomb's Law is a fundamental principle in physics that describes the electrostatic force between two charged objects
• Electric field is defined as the electric force per unit charge.
• Electric force is the force that pushes apart two like charges, or that pulls together two unlike charges.
• The electric field is a “force field” around a charged object that illustrates the direction. the electric force would push an imaginary positively charged particle if there was one there.▹
• Electric flux is the rate of flow of the electric field through a given area.
• Electric flux is the property of an electric field that may be thought of as the number of electric lines of force that intersect a given area.
• Electric field lines are considered to originate on positive electric charges and to terminate negative charges.
• Electric field is the region where an object with a charge experiences a moment due to another object.
• The electric field of a point charge always points away from a positive charge but towards a negative charge.
• Physics is a major science dealing with the fundamental constituents of the universe, the forces they exert on one another, and the effects of these forces.
• Physics is both descriptive and predictive in nature.
• Descriptive- aspect deals with conceptual understanding.
• Predictive- aspect involves the use of mathematics.
• Mechanics- is the oldest and the most basic branch of physics.
• Heat- includes the principle of temperature measurement.
• Sound- concerned with vibrations and waves with their recording transmission and perception.
• Optics- concerned with the nature and propagation of light.
• Electricity and magnetism-  deals with the other aspect of matter and space.
• Modern Physics-  includes atomic physics, nuclear physics, Einstein’s theory of relativity and quantum physics.
• Physics deals with the measurement of physical quantities.
• English System also known as FPS system
• Metric System and known worldwide as International System of Units.
• The word “electric” is derived from the Greek

  word “elektron”, meaning amber.
• In the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin in America tried experiments with charges. It was Franklin who named the two kinds of electric charges: ‘positive’ and ‘negative’.
• Electricity is a form of energy resulting from the movement of charged particles, such as electrons. It is a fundamental aspect of nature and is essential for powering various devices and systems in our modern world.
• Electron affinity is defined as the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion.
• Frictional charging process results in a transfer of electrons between two objects that are rubbed together.

  Frictional charging is a very common method of charging an object.
• Induction charging - a method used to charge an object without actually touching the object to any other charged object.
• Electrons- negatively charged; they are repelled by the negative charged tube.
• Conductor, electric current can flow freely; in an insulator it cannot.
• Conductors implies that the outer electrons of the atoms are loosely bound and free to move through the material.
• Semiconductors are materials which have a conductivity between conductors (generally metals) and nonconductors or insulators (such as most ceramics).
• Superconductivity can only typically be achieved at very cold temperatures.
• A superconductor is a material that achieves superconductivity, which is a state of matter that has no electrical resistance and does not allow magnetic fields to penetrate.
• An insulator is a material in which electric current does not flow freely. The atoms of the insulator have tightly bound electrons which cannot readily move.