Bio

• Genetics


  The scientific study of heredity
• Gregor Mendel became a monk at a monastery in 1843
• Gregor Mendel was born in 1822 in Czechoslovakia
• Mendel studied seven traits
• Between 1856 and 1863, Gregor Mendel grew and tested over 28,000 pea plants
• Gregor Mendel taught biology and had interests in statistics
• Gregor Mendel is known as the Father of Genetics
• Hybrids

  The offspring of crosses between parents with contrasting traits
• Mendel's experiment process

  After ensuring the true-breeding generation was pure, he crossed plants showing contrasting traits, resulting in the F1 generation or first filial
• Trait

  A characteristic
• Mendel's experiments

  He created a "pure" or true-breeding generation by ensuring certain pea plants could only self-pollinate, eliminating unwanted traits
• When pure yellow peas are crossed with pure green peas, all offspring were yellow
• Mendel concluded that inheritance is determined by factors passed on from one generation to another
• Mendel's "factors" referred to genes, each having different forms called alleles
• Dominant alleles


  Some alleles are dominant while others are recessive
• Mendel's second cross

  He allowed the F1 generation to self-pollinate, producing the F2 generation
• ¾ of the peas in Mendel's second cross were yellow, ¼ were green
• Punnett Square


  A diagram showing the probability of a certain trait being passed from one generation to another
• Heterozygous


  When an organism possesses different alleles
• Genotype


  The genetic makeup of an organism
• Homozygous


  When an organism possesses two identical alleles
• Independent assortment is when alleles separate independently during the formation of gametes
• Phenotype


  The physical appearance of an organism