BIOLOGY

• Photosynthesis is the convertion of light energy into chemical energy
• substances that are involved in creating sugar and oxygen are carbon dioxide, water, and light energy
• C6 H12 O6 is the chemical composition of glucose
• The two stages in photosynthesis are Light reaction and Calvin cycle
• Light reaction happens in the thylakoids of the membrane in which the Light energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy which are ATP and NADPH. The splitting of H2O will occur where after it, o2 will be released
• The reactants for Light reactions stage are H2O and Light beacuse without these, the process will not take place
• The product for light reactions are O2, ATP for energy, and NADPH for contributing electrons to the calvin cycle later on
• Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the membrane. In order to create sugar, CO2 will be needed together will the ATP and NADPH. NADP+ and ADP will be brought back to the light reactions.
• The calvin cycle will produce sugar in the end which came from carbon dioxide
• Cellular respiration is the process of breaking down of food molecules to produce more ATP
• Carbon Dioxide and Water are the waste products of respiration which are the raw materials of respiration
• central dogma is a process by which a DNA will be replicated from its original DNA, then the copy will make mRNA in order to produce tRNA which will be the basis for the proteins that our body needs
• In DNA replication, what are the four important enzymes needed?

  Helicase, primase, DNA Polymerase, Ligase
• he is the founder of the science of genetics

  gregor mendel
• what is the third phase of mitosis?

  Anaphase
• Liver creates bil which helps digest lipids
• Amyloplast


  An organelle in some plant cells that stores starch. Amyloplasts are found in starchy plants like tubers and fruits.
• Cell wall (exists in Plant Cell only)

  • A thick, rigid membrane that surrounds a plant cell
  • This layer of cellulose fiber gives the cell most of its support and structure
  • The cell wall also bonds with other cell walls to form the structure of the plant
• Cell membrane


  • The semi-permeable membrane that is present within the cell wall
  • It is composed of a thin layer of protein and fat
  • It plays an important role in regulating the entry and exit of specific substances within the cell
• Centrosome


  • A small body located near the nucleus
  • Has a dense center and radiating tubules
  • The centrosome is where microtubules are made
• Chlorophyll


  • A molecule that can use light energy from sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide gas into sugar and oxygen (this process is called photosynthesis)
  • It is usually colored green
• Chloroplast


  • An elongated or disc-shaped organelle containing chlorophyll
  • Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts
• Cytoplasm


  The jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located
• Golgi body


  • A flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus
  • The golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export" from the cell
• Mitochondria


  • They are the double-membraned organelles found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells
  • They provide energy by breaking down carbohydrate and sugar molecules, hence they are also referred to as the "powerhouse of the cell"
• Nuclear membrane


  The membrane that surrounds the nucleus
• Nucleolus


  An organelle within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA is produced
• Nucleus


  • Spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus
  • The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes)
• Ribosome


  Small organelles composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)


  • A vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted sacks that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane)
  • Rough ER is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER)

  • A vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted tubes that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane)
  • The space within the ER is called the ER lumen
  • Smooth ER transport materials through the cell
• Vacuole


  • A large, membrane-bound space within a plant cell that is filled with fluid
  • Most plant cells have a single vacuole that takes up much of the cell
  • It helps maintain the shape of the cell
• Lysosome or Cell Vesicles (exists in Animal Cell only)

  • Round organelles surrounded by a membrane and containing digestive enzymes
  • This is where the digestion of cell nutrients takes place
• Community


  An ecological unit composed of a group of organisms or a population of different species occupying a particular area, usually interacting with each other and their environment
• Ecosystem


  A system that includes all living organisms (biotic factors) in an area as well as its physical environment (abiotic factors) functioning together as a unit
• Biome


  An area of the planet that can be classified according to the plants and animals that live in it
• Solar System


  The system of the sun and the planets and other objects that orbit around it
• Nebular theory


  1. Describes the formation of our solar system from a nebula cloud made from a collection of dust and gas

  2. The sun, planets, moons, and asteroids were formed around the same time around 4.5 billion years ago from a nebula
• Ptolemaic Theory


  The Earth lay at the centre of the universe with the sun, the moon, and the known planets revolving around it in complicated orbits
• Copernican Theory


  Published in 1543 by Copernicus which stated that the earth and the planets rotated around the sun