Third exam envisa

• Risk assessment


  The combined effort of identifying and analyzing potential events that can negatively affect individuals, assets, and the environment, making mindful judgments on the tolerability of the risk analysis and examining factors influencing it
• Carcinogens


  Any substance or agents that promote cancer development (carcinogenesis), causing genome damage or disruption of cells' metabolic processes
• Pesticides


  Chemical compounds used to eliminate pests, such as insects, rodents, fungi, and weeds, also used in public health to kill disease vectors
• Acute effects


  A physiological reaction in a human or animal body causing severe symptoms that could rapidly develop through acute exposure to toxic substances, may lead to chronic health effects if the cause is not removed
• Toxicology

  A scientific discipline that overlaps with biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine involves studying the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms and diagnosing and treating exposures to toxins and toxins
• Neurotoxins


  Toxins that are destructive to nerve tissue, an extensive class of exogenous chemical, neurological insults that can adversely affect function in both developing and mature nervous tissue
• Teratogens


  Any agent that can disrupt embryonic or fetal development causing a child's congenital disability or may completely cease the pregnancy
• Metalanguage terms

  • Toxicology
  • Allergens
  • Neurotoxins
  • Mutagens
  • Teratogens
  • Carcinogens
  • Persistent Organic Pollutants (P.O.P.s)
  • Acute effects
  • Chronic effects
  • Risk assessment
  • Risk Management
  • Pesticides
• Allergens


  An antigen that produces an abnormally potent immune response where the immune system targets and fights a threat or an invader that could potentially harm the body
• Mutagens


  A physical or chemical agent that causes an increase in DNA modifications by altering the organism's DNA
• Unit Learning Outcome e (ULOe)


  To identify human-induced and natural sources of toxic elements and identify their implications and tendencies to bioaccumulate and bio-magnify affecting the agriculture sector
• Risk Management


  The evaluation, prioritization, and identification of risks followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to control, monitor, and minimize the probability or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities
• Chronic effects


  An adverse effect on animals or the human body with symptoms that develop slowly due to prolonged and continuous exposure to low concentrations of a hazardous substance
• Persistent Organic Pollutants (P.O.P.s)

  Organic compounds resistant to biochemical, photolytic, and other environmental degradation processes, sometimes called "forever chemicals," which can bioaccumulate with potentially detrimental effects on ecological and human health
• Pesticides are also used in public health to kill disease vectors (e.g., mosquitoes) and pests that damage crops
• There are selective herbicides that explicitly target a weed by interfering with its growth without harming the desired crop
• Types of pesticides

  • Pesticides
  • Herbicides
  • Insecticides
  • Fungicides
• Factors that result in morbidity (illness) and mortality (death) include diet and nutrition, infectious agents, hereditary qualities, poisonous substances, injury, and stress
• The World Health Organization (W.H.O.) defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
• Mortality data is now based on Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) as a measure of disease burden
• Fungicides are biocidal chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill parasitic fungi or their spores that can cause severe damage in agriculture, resulting in decreased yield, crop quality, and profit
• Herbicides are pesticides used to kill unwanted plants (weeds)
• Global Burden of Disease (GBD) assesses mortality and disability from major diseases, injuries, and risk factors, considering health, social, political, environmental, and economic factors
• Pesticides are chemical compounds used to eliminate pests such as insects, rodents, fungi, and weeds
• Disease is defined as the impairment of an individual's well-being and capacity to function, mostly attributed to inadequate behavioral and environmental change
• Environmental health focuses on disease-causing external factors, including elements of the natural, social, cultural, and technological worlds in which we live
• Insecticides are substances formulated to eliminate or mitigate insects, including ovicides used against insects and larvicides to kill insect larvae
• Chronic diseases now account for nearly 60% of the total deaths worldwide each year and about half of the global disease burden
• Factors contributing to disease emergence


  • Microbial adaption
  • Changing human susceptibility
  • Climate and weather
  • Change in human demographics and trade
  • Economic development
  • Breakdown of public health
  • Poverty and social inequality
  • War and famine
  • Bioterrorism
  • Dam and irrigation system construction
• Epidemiologists warn that the next deadly epidemic is only a plane ride away
• Diseases killing about 11 million children under age 5 every year in the developing world


  • Diarrhea
  • Acute respiratory illnesses
  • Malaria
  • Measles
  • Tetanus
• Pathogens that afflict humans

  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Protozoans
  • Parasitic worms
  • Flukes
• Emergent diseases are those not previously known or that have been absent for at least 20 years
• Emergent diseases can lead to the development of novel syndemics
• Rapid international travel makes it possible for new diseases to spread around the world at jet speed
• Infectious and emergent diseases still kill millions of people
• Better nutrition, clean water, improved sanitation, and inexpensive inoculations could eliminate most deaths
• People rarely die from parasites, but they can be extremely debilitating and cause poverty that leads to other deadly diseases
• Many emergent diseases originated from a non-human animal species
• Emergent diseases in humans and ecological diseases in natural communities arise due to stresses in biological systems that upset normal ecological relationships