Geography MOCK Year 11

• Infiltration

  The movement of water into soil from the earth's surface
• Weather buoy

  • An anchored float may contain instruments to measure environmental conditions
• Hydraulic action

  The process whereby soft rocks are washed away by the sea. Air trapped in cracks by the force of water can widen cracks causing sections of cliff to break away from the cliff face
• Convection currents

  Repetitive movements set up in the mantle due to heating by the core. These currents make the crust move
• Explain how levees are formed.

  A floodplain is a flat area on either side of a river channel downstream, the bluff line is the outside edge of a floodplain. Levees are natural embankments that are formed due to flooding and deposition, the silt and alluvium build up at the sides when a river floods, with the largest sediment dropped first. Over time the build up increases and so does the height of the levee and the level at which the water can be held. Levees can be man-made (hard engineering) to prevent flooding.
• A wave cut platform is flatal costal feature of

  erosion.Where destructive waves hit a rocky cliff between high and low tides; The process of hydraulic action and abrasion erode a wave cut notch, such as the one visible in Ballintoy coast. Through time this wave cut notch gets bigger; the unsupported rock above it overhangs and eventually collapses into the sea; forming a wavecut platform. A wavecut platform is the narrow flat area often seen at the base of a cliff. It is only fully exposed at low tide.
• The Mississippi River is the third largest watershed
• Reasons for insufficient afforestation

  • Lack of scale
  • Lack of speed
• Mississippi River

  A river located in North America, USA and it is one of the largest drainage basins in the world
• Effects of insufficient afforestation

  • Wetland damage
  • Heron numbers decrease
• Levees have failed
• Importance of the Mississippi River

  • Hydroelectric power
  • Drinking water
  • Navigation
  • Shipping
• Soft engineering methods

  • Afforestation
  • Safe flood zones
  • Washlands
• Hard engineering methods for the Mississippi river

  1. Raising levees up to 15m

  2. Strengthening the river course by 3,000km

  3. Straightening the channel for 1750km

  4. Placing dams upstream
• Effects of soft engineering methods

  • Intercept rainfall
  • Stabilize soil
  • Prevent flooding
  • Hold water
• Reasons for levee failures

  • Hard engineering methods
  • Wetland damage
  • Planning not consistent
  • Lack of co-ordinated management
• Long-term management


  • Expensive
  • Lack of co-ordinated management
  • Not fully sustainable
  • Planning not consistent
• Describe and explain how altitude influences temperature. Upland areas tend to be wetter than lowland places as air is forced over the mountains, cools and water vapour condenses to create clouds and rain. Also, temperatures fall as height above sea level increases, by about 1°C per 100m.

  
• The storm caused a storm surge that was 8 meters high in some areas
• Typhoon Haiyan

  A category 5 hurricane with winds that consisted of 147mph and the storm surge was 25m high
• Impacts on people

  • 6,190 people killed
  • 1785 people went missing
  • 371,000 in evacuation camps
  • Seed stacks were destroyed
  • Food shortages for 2.5 million people
  • Loss of life due to disease such as cholera and dysentery spreading through contaminated water supplies
  • Electricity cut off e.g. City of Bogo had not electricity for several weeks
• Typhoon Haiyan is locally called Typhoon Yolanda
• Typhoon Haiyan reached the Philippines on the 8th November 2013
• The storm killed an estimated 6,190 people
• The storm moved off across the South China sea towards Vietnam
• Describe and explain the weather conditions in a winter anticyclone. A winter anticyclone often brings fog or mist; these form at night when rapid cooling occurs and heat is lost by radiation due to the lack of cloud cover. Water vapour in the cold layer of air near the ground condenses and the water droplets are suspended in the air as fog or mist. In winter, the low angle of the sun means that the sun cannot disperse the fog or mist and it may persist all day.
• Does the following increase or decrease when going downstream?

  Width - Increases

  Depth - increases

  Gradient - decreases

  Bedload size - decreases

  Discharge - increases

  
• Name of Defense method.

  
  

  Gabion - Hard engineering

  Sea wall - Hard engineering

  Beach nourishment - Soft engineering

  Groynes - Hard engineering

  Managed retreat - soft engineering

  
• Where can you collect data from?

  • Stevenson screen
  • Geostationary satellite
  • Polar satellites
  • Drones and rainfall radar
  • Weather buoy
  • Weather instruments on a ship
  • Synoptic charts
• What is the name of the instrument and what is element and units for it?

  Instrument: Digital Thermometer

  Unit: Degrees Centigrade

  Element: Temperature

  
• What is the name of the instrument and what is element and units for it?

  Instrument: Rain gauge

  Element: Precipitation

  Unit: millimetres

  
• What is the name of the instrument and what is element and units for it?


  Instrument: Anemometer

  Element: Wind speed

  Unit: Knots or kilometres per hour (kph or km/h)

  
• What is the name of the instrument and what is element and units for it?

  Instrument: Wind Vane

  Element: Wind direction

  Unit: 8 compass points

  
• What is the name of the instrument and what is element and units for it?

  Instrument: Barometer

  Element: pressure

  Units: millibars (mb)

  
• Label the following diagram below

  A) Watershed

  B) Tributary

  C) Source

  D) Confluence

  E) Mouth

  
• Label the following diagram below

  A) precipitation

  B) Interception

  C) Transpiration

  D) Evaporation

  E) Evaporation

  F) Surface storage

  G) Surface runoff

  H) Infiltration

  I) Throughflow

  J) Soil moisture

  K) Percolation

  L) Ground water

  M) Ground water flow

  
• Soft engineering methods

  1. Afforestation of the upper valley
  2. Creating safe flood zones
  3. Creating washlands