dudugo pero di susuko (SCI QE)

• Heat:

  • Form of energy
  • Maybe transferred through conduction, convection, radiation
  • The thermal energy that flows between bodies or regions due to temperature difference.
  • considered energy in transit
• Particle Theory of Matter:

  • Matter consists of many very small particles that are in constant motion and are held together by attractive forces.
• Thermal Energy:

  • The speed by which atoms and molecules move depends largely on the energy they contain.
• Temperature refers to:

  • an object’s degree of hotness or coldness
  • the average kinetic energy of the particles of an object
  • measures the average amount of kinetic energy in an object
  • (celsius, fahrerenheit, kelvin)
• Heat flows from hotter bodies or objects to colder ones
• If there is no temperature difference, there will be no heat transfer
• • Conduction:
  • heat occurs through a medium from one point to another
  • When heated, the molecules gain energy and move faster. As they move through the limited space, they tend to collide and their energy is transferred to their neighboring molecules more quickly
  • Hot → cold
• Convection:

  • thermal energy is transmitted from one material to another by the movement of heated particles of a fluid like liquid or gas
  • The amount of thermal energy is dependent on the amount of heated matter transferred.
• Radiation:

  • transfer of thermal energy by electromagnetic (EM) waves
  • can take place in a vacuum
• Land Breeze

  • refers to the breeze or wind blowing from the land towards the sea
  • usually occurs during the night or early morning when the land air is cooler than the sea air
• • Sea Breeze
  • refers to the breeze or wind blowing from the sea towards the land
  • usually occurs during the summer days
• Light:

  • form of electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye.
  • It is a type of energy that travels through space in the form of waves.
  • follows a straight path and/or line.
  • has colors because of its wavelength and frequency.
• Wave Theory:

  • Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens proposed that light was a wave.
• Corpuscular or Particle Theory:

  • English Physicist Isaac Newton theorized that light is made up of tiny particles.
• Electromagnetic Theory(1865):

  • James Maxwell proved that light is a transverse wave that is partly magnetic and electrical in nature.
• Quantum Theory(1905):

  • German physicist Max Planck theorized that light was emitted in packets of energy called quanta.
  • German-American physicist Albert Einstein called each quantum of energy, a photon.
• Rectilinear Propagation of Light:

  • A property of light that shows how light travels in a straight line through a homogenous and transparent medium.
  • Best observed in lasers and flashlights.
• • Light is a wave. It will have colors because of its wavelength and frequency.
• The speed of light was both used for speed and length.
• • The speed of light is determined to be 299,792,458 m/s through the use of cesium clocks.
• • Light with higher frequency will be more intense and hold greater energy.
  • Light with a higher frequency will have a shorter wavelength.
  • Ex. UV (ultraviolet) light is deadly to all cells compared to red visible light.
• Greenhouse Gases

  It is the effect in which heat is trapped near Earth's surface by substances
• Causes of Greenhouse effect:

  Burning fossil fuels

  deforestation

  industrial wastes and landfills

  farming
• Greenhouse effect->Global warming->Climate change
• amber when rubbed vigorously with a piece of cloth, can attract

  nearby objects.
• "electrics" came from the Greek word "elektron" which

  means “amber”
• Charge at rest is called static electricity
• Atoms

  ● basic building blocks of all matter

  ● can combine with other atoms to form molecules but cannot be

  divided into smaller parts by ordinary chemical processes
• The electron theory explains the existence of charges in an atom.
• Uncharged objects have a balance of the two charges, protons and electrons
• Charged objects have an imbalance of the two types of charges
• Negatively-Charged objects:

  contain more electrons than protons
• Positively-Charged objects:

  contain more protons than electrons
• A neutral object becomes negatively-charged by gaining electrons.
• A neutral object becomes positively-charged by losing electrons.
• Electrostatic Law:

  Like charges repel, unlike charges attract.
• Conservation of Electric Charge:

  ● When two different objects are rubbed against each other,

  the electrons transfer from one object to the other.

  ● No electron is destroyed nor created during the process.

  ● The sum of positive and negative charges during the

  process of rubbing is zero.
• Conductors

  • materials that allow charges to flow easily
• Insulators - materials that resist the flow of charges
• Semiconductors - intermediate materials between conductors and insulators