Combined

• What does increasing the temperature do to the rate of the reaction ?

  Particles nave more kinetic energy , therefore move faster this means that More frequent successful collisions occur
• What does increasing the pressure do to the rate of reaction?

  • more particles in the given volume therefore more successful collisions
• what does increasing surface area do to the rate of reaction?

  • more exposed particles per given mass therefore more frequent collisions
• What does a catalyst do to the rate of reaction?

  • provides an alternative pathway for the reaction therefore reducing activation energy as a result more successful collisions
• what is le Chatellier’s principal

  • If a system is at equilibrium and a change is made to any of the conditions, then the system responds to counteract the change
• What happens to the concentration in le chatelier's principle?

  > if the concentration of reactant is increased then more products will be formed and equilibrium will be reached again

  > if the concentration of the products is decreased then more reactants will react until equilibrium is reached again
• What happens to the pressure in le chatelier's principle?

  • if pressure is increased then the equilibrium will favor the side with fewer moles
  • if the pressure is decreased then the equilibrium will favor the side with the most moles
• What happens to the Temperature in le chatelier's principle?

  >if the temperature is increased the equilibrium will favor the endothermic

  > if the temperature is decreased the equilibrium will favor the exothermic reaction
• What is fractional distillation?

  >crude oil is vaporized and heated

  > there is a temperature gradient in column (cool at the top/ hot at the bottom

  >(vapor) condenses into fractions

  >dependent on moles of gas
• Chromatography:

  >Dyes and inks distributed differently between stationary and mobile phases so dyes move up the paper at different rates

  >Different substances have different solubility so move different distances up the paper
• Earths early atmosphere:

  > Intense volcanic activity that released gases that formed the early atmosphere

  >water vapor condensed to form the oceans

  >Earths atmosphere may have been like the atmosphere of mars and venus today, consisting of mainly carbon dioxide with little or no oxygen gas
• Earths early atmosphere:

  >Volcanoes also produced nitrogen which gradually built up in the atmosphere and there may have been small proportions of methane and ammonia

  >when the oceans formed carbon dioxide dissolved in the water and carbonates were precipitated producing sediments, reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
• Greenhouse effect :

  > short wavelength radiation which enters the atmosphere it is absorbed by materials and re-emitted as long wave length radiation which is absorbed by greenhouse gasses which stops the radiation escaping
• Sustainable development?

  > Development that meets the needs of the current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
• Distillation RP:

  test water sample with universal indicator

  >weigh evaporating dish

  > measure water sample

  >Evaporate water in the dish

  > re-weigh and calculate the mass of solid

  
• Photomining:

  > Grow plants in low grade ore

  > Harvest and burn the plants

  >React ash with sulphuric acid to produce metal sulphate solution

  > extract metal by displacement or electrolysis
• Bioleaching:

  >bacteria used to produce a leachate containing metal solution

  >Metal extracted by displacement or electrolysis