HIGHESTTTTTT RLE 101 PAART 5 MIDTERM

• Only the first seven ribs attach directly to the sternum.
• For identifying underlying lung lobes, the per tinent landmark is T3
• The starting point for locating T3 is the spi nous process of the seventh cervical vertebra
• When the client flexes the neck anteriorly, a prominent process can be observed and palpated. This is the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra
• In healthy adults, the thorax is oval.
• The overall shape of the thorax is elliptical
• In older adults, kyphosis and osteoporosis alter the size of the chest cavity as the ribs move downward and forward.
• Pectus carinatum - Pigeon chest
• Pigeon chest - a permanent deformity, may be caused by rickets
• Rickets - abnormal bone formation due to lack of dietary calcium
• Pigeon chest - A narrow transverse diameter, an increased anteroposte rior diameter, and a protruding sternum
• pectus excavatum - funnel chest
• A funnel chest - a congenital defect, the sternum is depressed, narrowing the anteroposterior diameter
• thoracic kyphosis - excessive convex curvature of the thoracic spine
• emphysema - chronic pulmonary condition in which the air sacs, or alveoli, are dilated and distended
• Scoliosis is a lateral deviation of the spine
• Vesicular - Soft-intensity, low-pitched, “gentle sighing” sounds created by air moving through smaller airways
• Bronchovesicular - Moderate-intensity and moderate pitched “blowing” sounds created by air moving through larger airway
• Bronchial - High-pitched, loud, “harsh” sounds created by air moving through the trachea
• Abnormal breath sounds, called adventitious breath sounds, occur when air passes through narrowed airways or airways filled with fluid or mucus, or when pleural linings are inflamed.
• Crackles (rales) Fine, short, interrupted crackling sounds; alveolar rales are high pitched. Sound can be simulated by rolling a lock of hair near the ear. Best heard on inspi ration but can be heard on both inspira tion and expiration. May not be cleared by coughing
• Gurgles (rhonchi) Continuous, low-pitched, coarse, gurgling, harsh, louder sounds with a moaning or snoring quality. Best heard on expiration but can be heard on both inspiration and expiration.
• Friction rub Superficial grating or creaking sounds heard during inspiration and expiration. Not relieved by coughing.
• Wheeze Continuous, high-pitched, squeaky musical sounds. Best heard on expiration. Not usually altered by coughing
• In the average adult, most of the heart lies behind and to the left of the sternum