P2 HEMA LAB

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Created by
Glaiza Sanchez

Cards (97)

  • Clotting Time (Slide or Drop Method)

    1. This method uses a clean slide
    2. Normal capillary clotting time for this method is 2-4 minutes
    3. Materials needed: Lancets, Slide, Applicator stick, Wet and dry cotton, Stop watch
    4. Procedure: (not fully provided)
  • Normal value for clotting time is 5-15 mins
  • Clotting Time (Capillary Tube Method by Sabraze's)
    1. Disinfect the area of puncture
    2. Puncture to a depth of 3mm
    3. Wipe off the first drop of blood
    4. Start timer as soon as the second drop appears
    5. Fill at least 2 capillary tubes with blood and allow 3 more minutes to elapse
    6. Break off a portion of a tube, at least one fourth of an inch, every 30 seconds
    7. Stop timer as soon as fibrin strands are seen bringing the broken ends of the tubes
  • If clotting time is more than 15 mins

    It indicates a deficiency in blood coagulation components
  • Clotting Time (Lee and White Method)
    1. Draw 4 ml blood from the patient's venipuncture
    2. Start timer as blood appears in the syringe
    3. Place 1 ml of blood in each test tube numbered 1, 2, 3 previously warmed at 37°C water bath
    4. Observe the test tubes in the water bath
    5. Allow 4 minutes to lapse till the last tube and continue to tilt every 30 seconds or 1 minute until a solid clot is formed
    6. After the blood has clotted in the first test tube, tilt the second tube every 30 seconds until the blood clots
  • Normal capillary clotting time for the Capillary Tube Method by Sabraze's is 3-7 minutes
  • Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) importance
  • Materials needed
    • Lancets
    • Slide
    • Applicator stick
    • Wet and dry cotton
    • Stop watch
  • Prothrombin Time importance
  • Prothrombin Time procedure
  • Clotting time procedure
    1. Disinfect the site of the puncture
    2. Puncture to a depth of 3mm
    3. Wipe off the first drop of blood
    4. Start the timer as soon as the second drop of blood appears
    5. Drop the blood to the clean surface of the slides; stand for about a minute and with a lancet or an applicator stick try to pick on the blood sample at an interval of 30 seconds. As soon as fibrin or clot is formed, stop timer and record time
  • Clotting time method

    Simplest method among all clotting time methods using a clean slide. Normal capillary clotting time is 2-4 minutes
  • APTT procedure

    1. Centrifuge specimen as soon as possible after collection to obtain platelet poor plasma
    2. Incubate a sufficient amount of 0.025-m calcium chloride at 37 C
    3. Pipet .02 mL of control plasma (or patient’s plasma) into a test tube
    4. Pipet 0.2 mL of partial thromboplastin (containing activator) into the test tube containing the control (or patient’s) plasma
    5. Mix the contents of the tube quickly and place in a 37°C water bath for 5 minutes
    6. After exactly 5 minutes, forcibly pipet 0.2 mL of prewarmed calcium chloride into the tube, and simultaneously start stopwatch
    7. Mix the test tube immediately after adding calcium chloride. Allow the test tube to remain in the water bath while gently tilting the tube every 5 seconds. At the end of 20 seconds, remove the test tube from the water bath. Quickly wipe off the outside of the test tube with clean gauze so that the contents of the tube can be clearly seen
    8. Gently tilt the test tube back and forth until clot forms, at which point the timing is stopped
    9. Report the patient results in seconds along with the normal for the test as determined for your laboratory
  • PT is used not only as a coagulation screening test but also to monitor oral anticoagulant therapy, especially effective for monitoring patients receiving coumarin
  • Principle of PT test
    PT test is performed by adding tissue extract and calcium to the plasma, activating factor VII which converts fibrinogen into fibrin
  • Materials for PT test
    • Water bath 73°C
    • Test tube
    • Nichrome wire or applicator stick
  • If a firm increases advertising, their demand curve shifts right, increasing the equilibrium price and quantity
  • Calculation of results
    1. Prothrombin Index (%) = (PT of control X 100) / PT of test
    2. Prothrombin ratio = PT of test / PT of control
  • Prothrombin Time (Quick Method)
    1. Know the importance of Prothrombin Time
    2. Know the procedure in performing prothrombin time using Quick method
  • The prothrombin time (PT) is one of the most frequently performed tests for coagulation that evaluates the function of the extrinsic and common pathways of hemostasis
  • Procedure for PT test
    1. Draw blood sample and place in sodium citrated tube
    2. Mix by gentle shaking
    3. Centrifuge
    4. Transfer plasma to test tube and pre-warm
    5. Incubate thromboplastin-calcium reagent
    6. Aspirate control plasma and blow into reagent
    7. Pass wire through mixture until clot adheres
    8. Treat test plasma similarly as control plasma
  • Reagents for PT test
    • PT reagent
    • Sodium citrate 3.8%
    • Normal plasma control
  • PT is dependent upon factors such as I, II, V, VII, and X and is used as a means for measuring the effect of anticoagulant
  • Marginal utility
    Additional utility gained from the consumption of an additional product
  • Normal Value (N.V.) for PT is 11-13 seconds
  • Clotting test procedure
    Collect blood through venipuncture, allow it to clot, incubate, centrifuge, remove serum, dilute serum, mix with latex particles, examine for agglutination
  • Procedure
    Collect blood through venipuncture and allow it to clot. 2. Incubate the tube. 3. Centrifuge the specimen. 4. Remove serum and place in a test tube. 5. Label test tubes and add glycine buffer. 6. Label rings on the glass slide. 7. Add control serum drops to the glass slide rings. 8. Mix the latex suspension and add serum dilutions. 9. Stir each mixture. 10. Examine for microscopic agglutination and interpret results
  • Interpretation of Results
    Use the table provided to interpret the results based on agglutination at different dilutions
  • Results interpretation: - = no agglutination, + = agglutination
  • Results
    • Plasma dilution results: <10, 10-, 20-, 40-, 80-, 160-, >320 (ug/mL)
  • Reagents and Equipments
    • Sample Collection tube (contain thrombin and soya beans enzymes inhibitors), Glycine saline buffer, Latex suspension, Positive and negative control serum, Glass test slide, Disposable pipet droppers, Disposable mixing rods, Test Tubes, Timer
  • The appearance of graininess must not be interpreted as microscopic agglutination
  • Clotting time ( Lee & White Method) Normal range
    5-15 minutes
  • Clotting time ( Capillary tube method by Sabraze’s)
    3-7 minutes
  • Clotting time ( Slide or Drop Method)
    2-4 minutes
  • Sources of error Lee & White Method
    1. dirty test tube
    b. tissue juices mixed with blood
    c. air bubbles in the blood due to faulty venipuncture
    d. excessive agitation of the blood
    e. temperature below 35 C and above 45 C retards coagulation
    f. Diameter of test tubes, the smaller the diameter the more rapid the clot formation
  • Materials:
    Water bath 37 C
    Syringe and needle
    Test tube
    Stop watch
    Clotting time (Lee & white method)
  • simplest among all the methods in clotting time.
    Clotting time ( Slide or drop method)
  • This method uses a clean slide
    clotting time ( slide or drop method)
  • Materials: Lancets
    Slide
    Applicator stick
    Wet and dry cotton
    Stop watch
    Clotting time (slide or drop method)