WM 1

• Ketones

  • Structure: RCOR, General formula: RCOR
• Alcohols

  • Functional group: OH group
• Esters

  • Structure: RCOOR, General formula: RCOOR
• Acid anhydrides

  • Structure: RCOOCOR, General formula: RCOOCOR
• The video is dedicated to OCR Salters and it maps the specification from the syllabus
• Carboxylic acids

  • Structure: RCOOH, General formula: RCOOH
• Aldehydes

  • Structure: RCHO, General formula: RCHO
• Alcohols have the functional group OH, which is a hydroxyl group in its homologous series
• Ethers

  • Structure: ROR, General formula: ROR
• Alcohols can be oxidized to

  Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic acids using potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) as a mild oxidizing agent
• Secondary alcohols can be oxidized to ketones
• Oxidation process for primary alcohols

  If distilled, primary alcohols form aldehydes first, which can further oxidize to carboxylic acids. If refluxed, aldehydes are formed first and then oxidized to carboxylic acids
• Secondary alcohols

  • Have the alcohol group attached to a carbon, which is attached to two other carbons making it secondary
• Tertiary alcohols

  • Have three alkyl groups attached to the carbon with the hydroxyl group making it tertiary
• Reflux

  Allows strong heating without losing volatile reactants and products, ensuring aldehydes can evaporate and condense back into the flask
• Primary alcohols

  • Have an alkyl group attached to a carbon, which is then attached to one other carbon making it primary
• Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes and then further to carboxylic acids
• Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidized using dichromate; they need to be physically burned to produce carbon dioxide and water
• Reflux

  Allows strong heating without losing volatile reactants and products. Aldehydes can evaporate and condense back into the flask. The process involves cooling with water running through the outside part of the condenser. Vapor rises up, aldehydes condense and fall back down, reacting again to form carbon silicon
• Dehydration of alcohol

  Illustrated using an elimination mechanism. Involves using an acid catalyst to form a water molecule and a carbocation, leading to the formation of an alkene
• Secondary alcohol

  • Propandiol
• Secondary alcohol oxidation to ketones

  Secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones. It is difficult to oxidize ketones further. Reflux and an oxidizing agent like dichromate are used for this process
• Alkenes production from alcohols

  Alkenes can be made from alcohols via a solid catalyst or reflux. Water is eliminated from the alcohol in a dehydration reaction to produce an alkene. Acid catalysts like sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid can be used. Another method involves passing ethanol vapor over a solid catalyst like aluminium oxide
• Dehydration reaction

  Elimination reaction where a molecule is removed, forming a double bond
• Chemicals used in making esters

  • Alcohols, Karluk acids, acid anhydrides
• Phenols have an -OH group attached to a benzene ring, making them aromatic molecules
• Formation of esters with acid anhydrides

  Reacting an acid anhydride with an alcohol to form an ester and a carboxylic acid
• Substitution reaction with alcohols

  Alcohols reacting with compounds like HCl to replace the hydroxyl group with a halogen
• Formation of esters

  Reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of a sulfuric acid catalyst
• Dehydration reaction

  • Removing a molecule to form a double bond, known as an elimination reaction
• Alcohols can be distinguished from phenols by their reactivity with acid anhydrides
• Phenols react with acid anhydrides to form esters and carboxylic acids
• Chemical compounds

  • Two methyl phenyl
  • Salicylic acid
• Phenols do not react with carboxylic acids to form esters
• Phenols partially dissociate and are weak acids
• Reaction of phenols with alkalis

  Forms salt and water, e.g., sodium phenoxide
• Phenol

  In equilibrium as a weak acid, loses hydrogen to form phenoxide ion
• Test for phenols

  Add iron 3 chloride, observe purple color formation if phenol exists
• Alcohols react with both acid anhydrides and carboxylic acids
• Phenols can be distinguished from carboxylic acids by reacting with acid anhydrides