DNA and Protein Production

• DNA is found in the mudeus of a cell and stored on molecules called chromosomes
• Short sections of DNA

  Proteins
• Chromosome


  Molecules that DNA is stored on
• DNA is a double stranded helix
• DNA


  A molecule that stores genetic instructions
• Proteins

  Carry the genetic instructions to make genes
• Base pairing

  1. A-adenine always pairs with T-thymine

  2. G-guanine always pairs with C-cytosine
• Each strand of DNA is made of four bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C)
• Individuality of DNA

  Each person has unique DNA because the order of DNA bases is different
• Strands

  Held together by complementary base pairing
• Cytosine bases

  Number of Cytosine bases = Number of Guanine bases
• Using the complementary base pairing rules the number of DNA bases in a DNA molecule can be easily calculated
• Adenine bases


  Number of Adenine bases = Number of Thymine bases
• Section of DNA


  Contains the instructions (genetic codes) to make proteins
• Genes


  Sections of DNA that code for and determine the phenotype
• Order of amino acids

  Determines the proteins structure (structure) and therefore its function
• Order of bases


  Determines the order of amino acids
• mRNA


  Carries a copy of the gene from the nucleus to the ribosome of a cell
• Ribosome


  Located in the cytoplasm, where proteins are made
• Producing proteins

  The instructions (genetic codes) to make proteins are in the DNA
• Amino acids


  Building blocks of proteins
• mRNA


  A complementary copy of a protein
• Transcription

  DNA is copied into mRNA
• Base sequence


  The order of DNA bases
• Translation


  The copied base sequence in mRNA is used to build a protein molecule from a chain of amino acids
• Protein synthesis

  The process by which proteins are produced in living organisms
• Amino acids

  The building blocks of proteins
• Protein molecule


  Made up of different amino acids
• Converted

  The order of DNA bases is converted to the sequence of amino acids in a protein
• Complementary copy

  mRNA is a complementary copy of a protein