Resperation

• Aerobic respiration


  Occurs in the presence of oxygen
• Mitochondria


  Site of controlled reactions where energy stored in glucose is released
• Energy released

  Used to make ATP
• Cells with the most mitochondria

  • Sperm cells
  • Muscle cells
  • Neurons
• Aerobic respiration


  Occurs in the mitochondria
• Respiration


  Release of energy from glucose through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions
• ATP

  Energy transferred can be used for cellular activities such as muscle cell contraction, division, protein synthesis, active transport, and transmission of nerve impulses
• Anaerobic respiration


  Occurs in the absence of oxygen
• Stage 1 of aerobic respiration

  Glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate in the cytoplasm, producing a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH
• Products of stage 1

  • 2 Pyruvate
  • 2 ATP
• Aerobic respiration


  A process by which glucose is broken down to release energy in the form of ATP
• Stage 1

  • Glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate in the cytoplasm
• Inputs of stage 2

  • Oxygen
  • Pyruvate
• Outputs of stage 2

  • Carbon dioxide
  • Water
  • ATP
• Stage 2 of aerobic respiration

  Pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP in the mitochondria
• Stages of aerobic respiration

  • Occurs in the cytoplasm
  • Occurs in the mitochondria
• 2 Pyruvate


  End product of stage 1
• Aerobic respiration


  Process by which glucose is broken down to release energy in the presence of oxygen
• 2 ATP


  Energy-rich molecules produced in stage 1
• Lots of ATP


  Energy-rich molecules produced in stage 2
• Glucose


  • Glucose is Brocken down into two molecules of pyruvate whitch produces two molecules of
• Fermentation pathway in plant and yeast cells

  1. Glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate

  2. Pyruvate is converted into lactate (a type of alcohol) and carbon dioxide, producing two ATP
• Fermentation pathway in muscle cells

  1. Glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate

  2. Pyruvate is converted into lactate, producing two ATP
• Fermentation occurs when no oxygen is available
• If oxygen becomes available

  Lactate is converted back into pyruvate
• If there is no oxygen present


  • Pyruvate is converted into lactate and carbon dioxide, producing two ATP
  • This cannot be reversed
• Substrate concentration

  The amount of glucose available
• Concentration gradient


  The difference in concentration between two areas
• Temperature


  The heat of the organism
• Rate of respiration


  The speed at which respiration occurs
• Blue-black


  The color of the solution when iodine is added to starch
• Double layer


  Two layers of molecules that form a barrier around a cell
• Respiration is controlled by enzymes
• Iodine solution


  A solution that turns blue when added to starch
• Rate of respiration

  Depends on the type and temperature of the organism
• Examples of passive transport

  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Facilitated diffusion
• Passive transport


  The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the use of energy
• Respirometer

  A device used to measure the rate of respiration
• Respiration

  1. Substrate binding

  2. Electron transport chain

  3. ATP synthesis

  4. Release of waste products
• Type

  The kind of organism