Site of controlled reactions where energy stored in glucose is released
Energy released
Used to make ATP
Cells with the most mitochondria
Sperm cells
Muscle cells
Neurons
Aerobic respiration
Occurs in the mitochondria
Respiration
Release of energy from glucose through a series of enzyme-controlled reactions
ATP
Energy transferred can be used for cellular activities such as muscle cell contraction, division, protein synthesis, active transport, and transmission of nerve impulses
Anaerobic respiration
Occurs in the absence of oxygen
Stage 1 of aerobic respiration
Glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate in the cytoplasm, producing a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH
Products of stage 1
2 Pyruvate
2 ATP
Aerobic respiration
A process by which glucose is broken down to release energy in the form of ATP
Stage 1
Glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate in the cytoplasm
Inputs of stage 2
Oxygen
Pyruvate
Outputs of stage 2
Carbon dioxide
Water
ATP
Stage 2 of aerobic respiration
Pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP in the mitochondria
Stages of aerobic respiration
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Occurs in the mitochondria
2 Pyruvate
End product of stage 1
Aerobic respiration
Process by which glucose is broken down to release energy in the presence of oxygen
2 ATP
Energy-rich molecules produced in stage 1
Lots of ATP
Energy-rich molecules produced in stage 2
Glucose
Glucose is Brocken down into two molecules of pyruvate whitch produces two molecules of
Fermentation pathway in plant and yeast cells
1. Glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate
2. Pyruvate is converted into lactate (a type of alcohol) and carbon dioxide, producing two ATP
Fermentation pathway in muscle cells
1. Glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate
2. Pyruvate is converted into lactate, producing two ATP
Fermentation occurs when no oxygen is available
If oxygen becomes available
Lactate is converted back into pyruvate
If there is no oxygen present
Pyruvate is converted into lactate and carbon dioxide, producing two ATP
This cannot be reversed
Substrate concentration
The amount of glucose available
Concentration gradient
The difference in concentration between two areas
Temperature
The heat of the organism
Rate of respiration
The speed at which respiration occurs
Blue-black
The color of the solution when iodine is added to starch
Double layer
Two layers of molecules that form a barrier around a cell
Respiration is controlled by enzymes
Iodine solution
A solution that turns blue when added to starch
Rate of respiration
Depends on the type and temperature of the organism
Examples of passive transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Passive transport
The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the use of energy