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• Group 1

  • Allen Capili Pangilinan
  • Allen Joy Manuel
  • Analyn Mercado
  • Aries De Vera Capitulo
  • Christine Padilla
  • Kian Belmonte
  • Marjay Esquejo
  • Riccy Nhel Henzen Juan
• What do engineers have to do with geology?
• Historical Geology is the study of analyzing Earth's past by investigating rocks and the information found in them
• Understand the concept of geology
• Engineering geology deals with the study of the structure of the earth in relation to civil engineering for the execution of safe and cost-effective design for construction projects
• Structure of Earth and Composition - Composition of Mantle

  • Conduction – heat transfer that occurs through rapid collision of atoms. It happens if the material is solid
  • Convection – material that can move and flow may develop convection energy
  • Upper Mantle - Primarily composed of silicate minerals, including olivine and pyroxene
  • Transition zone - A region in the mantle where high-pressure conditions lead to changes in mineral structures
  • Lower Mantle - Composed of silicate minerals in a solid state due to high pressures, even though temperatures are elevated
• Know the relation of geology to civil engineering
• Our planet’s structure is composed of a variety of elements and compounds
• Why Is Geology so Important to Civil Engineers?

  1. Collect preliminary information from already existing data about the site

  2. Completing a geological survey of the site

  3. Compiling all data from the survey about geology underneath the surface to form hypotheses

  4. Conduct drilling and boring projects to authenticate geological hypotheses

  5. Conducting tests on soils and rocks from the proposed site to examine where the land is suitable for the project
• Structure of Earth and Composition

  • Crust
  • Outer Core
  • Mantle
  • Inner Core
• Physical Geology is the study of the solid Earth and the processes that change the physical landscape of the planet
• Geology is a very broad field that can be divided into many more specific branches
• Structure of Earth and Composition - Mantle


  • Mantle is made of solid rocks
  • Mantle is hot
• Surveying requires civil engineers to determine the relative positions of points that are at, above, and below the surface of the earth
• Structure of Earth and Composition - Crust

  • Continental Crust – mainly composed of granite
  • Oceanic Crust - primarily composed of basalt
• Contents of the Presentation

  • Geology in Civil Engineering
  • Branches of Geology
  • Earth Structure and Composition
  • Elementary Knowledge on Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics
  • Earth Processes
  • Weathering
  • Work of Rivers, Wind and Sea and Engineering Importance
  • Origin and Occurrence of Earthquake
  • Mode of Occurrence of Earthquake
  • Earthquake Prospecting
  • Ground Water
• Why Is Geology so Important to Civil Engineers?
• Environmental Geology is the study of the interaction between humans and the geological environment
• Structure of Earth and Composition - Oceanic Crust vs. Continental Crust


  • Composed mainly of dark-colored and mafic rocks
  • Composition: Predominantly composed of light-colored and felsic rocks
  • Thickness: Oceanic Crust - Typically around 7 km (4 miles), Continental Crust - Ranges from about 20 to 70 km (12 to 43 miles)
  • Density: Oceanic Crust - 3.00 grams per cubic meter, Continental Crust - 2.7 grams per cubic meter
• Branches of Geology

  • Physical Geology
  • Historical Geology
  • Environmental Geology
• Researchers discovered that earthquakes tended to occur in specific places rather than equally all over Earth using a seismometer
• According to Alfred Wegener's theory, Pangaea was once a supercontinent that included all landmasses, and the current continents moved to their current locations through continental drift
• Lower Mantle is composed of silicate minerals in a solid state due to high pressures, even though temperatures are elevated
• Geologists expanded their understanding of the Earth throughout the 20th century by making observations in the ocean basins and utilizing new tools and methods
• Transition zone is a region in the mantle where high-pressure conditions lead to changes in mineral structures
• Strain results from stress, causing a change in shape of an object
• Alfred Wegener was a German explorer and climatologist who proposed the theory of continental drift
• Landforms are formed on the Earth’s surface after natural occurrences, making up terrains such as mountains, valleys, plains, plateau, ocean basins, and mid-ocean ridges
• Chemical weathering is a geological process that alters the composition of rocks and minerals through chemical reactions
• Deposition is the laying down of sediment carried by wind, flowing water, the sea, or ice
• Stress is the force applied on an object, resulting in compressive stress, tensile stress, or shearing stress
• Mechanical weathering is a natural process that breaks down rocks into smaller fragments without changing their chemical composition
• Silicate minerals


  • olivine
  • pyroxene
• Erosion involves the movement of fragments, distinguishing it from weathering, which focuses on in situ decay
• Plate Tectonics is the study of large-scale movement and deformation of the outer layers of the Earth
• Outer Core

  • Primarily composed of liquid iron and nickel
  • The movement of molten metal in the outer core generates the Earth’s magnetic field through a process called the GEODYNAMO
• The asthenosphere and lithosphere convect, causing the plates to move apart at varying speeds of two to fifteen centimeters per year
• Wegener found three main pieces of evidence for continental drift

  • Geologic
  • Fossil
  • Climate
• A magnetometer helped find evidence of surprising magnetic variations near undersea ridges, showing alternating stripes of rock recording a flip-flopping of Earth’s magnetic field
• Inner Core

  • Solid
  • Composed mainly of iron and nickel