HIGHESTTT NCM 101 MIDTERM, ALRAYTTT

• pain - an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience, which we primarily associate with tissue damage or describe in terms of such damage
• Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he says it does
• Pain is a combination of physiologic phenomena but with psychosocial aspects that influence its perception.
• The source of pain stimulates peripheral nerve endings nociceptors, which transmit the sensations to the central nervous system
• Nociceptors are located at the peripheral ends of both myelinated nerve endings of type A fibers and unmyelinated type C fibers
• mechanosensitive nociceptors - sensitive to intense mechanical stimulation
• temperature-sensitive nociceptors - sensitive to intense heat and cold
• polymodal nociceptors - sensitive to noxious stimuli of mechanical, thermal, or chemical nature
• NOCICEPTORS are not located in the parenchyma of visceral organs.
• Transduction - when a mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimulus results in tissue injury or damage stimulating the nociceptors, which are the primary afferent nerves for receiving painful stimuli.
• A-delta primary afferent fibers transmit fast pain to the spinal cord within 0.1 seconds, which is felt as a pricking, sharp, or electric-quality sensation and usually is caused by mechanical or thermal stimuli.
• C fibers transmit slow pain within 1 second, which is felt as burning, throbbing, or aching and is caused by mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimuli, usually resulting in tissue damage.
• transmission process is initiated by inflammatory process, resulting in the conduction of an impulse in the primary afferent neurons to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
• hypothalamus and limbic system are responsible for the emotional aspect of pain perception
• frontal cortex is responsible for the rational interpretation and response to pain
• Somatization involves transferring or converting uncomfortable feelings into physical symptoms, which may be more tolerable
• Nociceptive pain is the most common type of pain.
• Psychological pain - Emotional pain or mental pain; refers to pain originating from the person’s MIND dimension and has been found to underlie suicidal behavior
• Psychosomatic or psychogenic pain - involves transferring or converting uncomfortable feelings into physical symptoms
• Nociceptive pain Pain caused by nerve receptors detecting harmful stimuli.
• Neuropathic pain Results from damage or dysfunction of any level of the nervous system
• inflammatory pain syndromes, such as back pain, shoulder pain, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, and migraine (
• Somatic pain Occurs when stimuli in the tissues are activated.
• SOMATIC PAIN - Stimuli such as force, temperature, vibration, and swelling activate the nerve receptors and produce a sensation of cramping, gnawing, aching, or sharp pain
• Visceral pain Occurs when nerves in the internal organs in the chest, abdomen, intestines, or pelvis are stimulated
• Visceral pain feels vague, not localized, with a sensation of a deep squeeze, pressure, or aching
• Radicular pain Generated by stimuli at the nerve root at its connection to the spinal nerves.
• Referred pain A sensation of pain in a body region distant from the actual source of the painful stimulus
• Phantom pain Pain in a part of the body that has been removed, such as a leg.
• Cancer pain - When pain occurs, the first pain is often related to tumor pressure on nerves, bones, or other body organs