Transport in Plants

Subdecks (3)

Cards (106)

  • Define Dicotyledonous plant (Dicots):
    A type of plant that produces two seed leaves
  • Give examples of dicotyledonous plants:
    • oaks
    • beans
    • spinach
    • roses
  • Describe the features of dicotyledonous plants (Dicots);
    • two cotyledons
    • network of veins = starts at the midrib and spreads outwards, for transport and support
    • Vascular bundles = arranged in rings
    • Tap Roots
    • Flowers in multiples of four or five
  • Describe the features of monocotyledon plants (Monocots):
    • One cotyledon
    • Parallel veins
    • Vascular bundles = complexly arranged
    • Fibrous root system
    • Flowers in multiples of three
  • Give examples of monocotyledon plants (Monocots):
    • grass
    • lilies
    • orchids
    • palms
  • Outline reasons why do plants need transport systems?
    • To reduce the diffusion distance
    • Large plants have a small surface area to volume ratio
    • To ensure all cells receive the nutrients they need and remove waste
    • To move water and minerals from the roots up to the leaves
    • To move sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant
  • Name three types of tissue found in plants:
    • Ground
    • Vascular
    • Dermal
  • Name the three organs in plants:
    • Roots
    • Stems
    • Leaves
  • Name the two vascular tissues in plants:
    • Xylem
    • Phloem
  • Name the two dermal tissues found in plants:
    • Epidermis
    • Periderm
  • Name the three ground tissues found in plants:
    • Parenchyma
    • Collenchyma
    • Schlerenchyma
  • What are found in vascular bundles?
    • Phloem
    • Xylem
  • Describe the location of vascular bundles, xylem, and phloem in young roots:
    • Vascular bundles = centre
    • Xylem = centre
    • Phloem = between the arms of the x-shaped xylem
  • Describe the location of vascular bundles, xylem, and phloem in stems:
    • Vascular bundles = near the outer edge
    • Xylem = towards the inside
    • Phloem = towards the outside
  • Describe the location of vascular bundles, xylem, and phloem in leaves:
    • Vascular bundles = forms midribs and veins
    • Xylem = above the phloem
    • Phloem = below the xylem
  • Describe the features of the vascular bundles in young roots:
    Found at the centre
    • x-shaped xylem at the centre = provides strength to withstand forces
    • Phloem = between the arms of the x-shaped xylem
    • outer layer of endodermis = to supply the xylem vessels with water
    • The pericycle : an inner layer of meristem cells
  • Define The Pericycle:
    An inner layer of meristem cells in the vascular bundles of roots
  • Describe the features of vascular bundles in stems:
    Found near the outer edge
    • Xylem vessels are towards the inside = provides support and flexibility
    • Phloem vessels are towards the outside
    • Cambium : a layer of meristem cells in between the xylem and phloem = produces new xylem and phloem tissues
  • Define Cambium:
    A layer of meristem cells in between the xylem and phloem in the vascular bundles of stems
  • Describe the features of vascular bundles in the leaves:
    Form the midribs and veins = transport and support
    • xylem = above the phloem
    • phloem = below the xylem
  • By which process through the root hair cell does minerals enter the plant?
    Active transport
  • Name the three pathways water is taken up by through plants:
    • Apoplast pathway
    • Symplast pathway
    • Vacuolar pathway
  • Give two reasons why water is able to move across the root?
    • the cellulose cell wall is permeable
    • there is a difference in water potential between the soil and the root hair cells
  • The water potential is higher in the soil than inside the root hair cells, due to the dissolved substances in the cell sap
  • Define The Symplast Pathway:
    A method of osmosis where water diffuses across the root hair cells to enter the cytoplasm through the plasma membrane and passes from one cell to the next via plasmodesmata
  • Define Plasmodesmata:
    The gaps in the cell wall which connect the cytoplasm of one cell to the next
  • Define The Apoplast Pathway:
    Where water moves by mass flow across the root hair cell through intercellular spaces between cellulose molecules in the cell wall
  • Define Casparian Strip:
    A waterproof strip surrounding the endodermis of the root.
    It blocks the apoplast pathway forcing water through the symplast pathway
  • Explain how water enters the xylem from the endodermis in roots of plants:
    • the xylem vessels have a higher water potential than the cytoplasm of the endodermis
    • via active transport, dissolved substances, such as mineral ions and salts, move into the xylem to lower the water potential
    • Now the cytoplasm of the endodermis has a higher water potential than the xylem vessels
    • via osmosis, water moves into the xylem
  • Root hair cells have a large surface area to increase the rate of absorption
  • Water is absorbed into the plants through the root hair cell by osmosis
  • Why is water able to move via osmosis through the cytoplasm of successive cells by the symplast pathway in plants?
    Each successive cell has a cytoplasm with lower water potential than the previous
  • Due to what forces of hydrogen bonding in water allows it to move through the cellulose cell wall in the apoplast pathway?
    Cohesive
  • Name the pathway that is generally the fastest for the uptake of water in plants?
    The apoplast pathway
  • Why is the apoplast pathway generally the fastest way for the uptake of water in plants?
    • there is little resistance to water in the cellulose cell wall
    • the cellulose cell wall is permeable
  • Name the type of pathway?
    Blue = symplast pathway
    Purple = apoplast pathway
  • Meristem cells in plants are used to generate new plant tissues.
  • sieve tube elements become elongated and lose most of their cytoplasm.
  • Name the different features of a transverse section of a plant stem:
    E= Epidermis
    F= Phloem
    G= Cambium
    H= Xylem
  • Formula for Stomatal density:
    The number of stomata / 2.5