micrp

• Robert Koch developed Method of Culture/ Discovered Causative Agent for mycobacterium/Tuberculosis, Vibrio cholerae/Cholera, Bacillus anthracis/Anthrax
• Hans Christian Gram invented the Gram staining technique
• Hand washing is an essential and basic means of preventing the spread of pathogenic microorganisms
• Proper sequence for doffing of PPE


  1. Gloves

  2. Goggles

  3. Gown

  4. Mask
• Transient flora inhibit or occupy the skin and mucous membrane temporarily for hours, days, and weeks
• Hans Christian Gram devised the system of classification which led to as many as 30,000 diseases formally named species of bacteria being investigated
• Personal protective equipment attire used by healthcare workers

  • Gloves
  • Masks
  • Gowns
  • Goggles
• Medical Asepsis includes hand hygiene and preparation of the patient's skin before administration of IM/subcutaneous injections
• Primary immune response

  The production of effector cells in response to first-time exposure to an antigen
• Endogenous infection occurs when a patient with a compromised immune system, such as after chemotherapy, becomes sick from a bacteria already present in their body that grows unchecked
• Spontaneous Generation was an early belief that living things can arise from vital forces present in nonliving and decaying matter
• Immune system consists only of lymphocytes that circulate throughout the body in the blood vessels
• First line of defense

  • Cilia
  • Skin
  • Mucous membrane
  • Secretions
• Endemic refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area
• Mode of transmission


  The manner in which the infectious organism is acquired by the host
• Hyperendemic cases are usually reported in this region per week, slightly less than the national average
• Surgical Asepsis includes wound care, invasive procedures, administration of Intravenous drugs, and urinary catheter insertion
• Prions characterize several fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases in humans and many other animals
• Antigen


  A substance recognized by the immune system, whether by the B cell or the T cell that serves as the target of the immune response but may not necessarily lead to an immune response
• Neutrophils play a major role in acute inflammation as well as in bacterial infection
• Sporadic refers to a single case of a disease diagnosed in a community
• Exogenous infection affects compromised immune systems with open incisions and indwelling devices
• Gram stain


  Allows one to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria on the basis of differential staining with a crystal violet-iodine complex and a safranin counterstain
• Resident flora is found in a given area of the body at a given age
• Proper sequence for donning of PPE

  1. Gown

  2. Mask

  3. Goggles

  4. Gloves
• Colonization occurs when the microorganism inhabits a specific body site but doesn't cause signs and symptoms
• Incidence refers to the occurrence of new cases of disease or injury in a population over a specified period of time
• Standard Precaution is the specific measures used to prevent the spread of infection among all patients and healthcare workers
• Normal Flora


  A microorganism that resides on the surface and in deep layers of the skin, saliva, oral mucous, and GI Tract
• Epidemic refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area
• Pandemic refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people
• Contact Precaution is used to prevent the spread of infections or infectious agents that can be transmitted through touching of patients or items in the room where infectious agents may be deposited
• Cytotoxic T cells

  T lymphocytes that directly attack foreign cells in the 3rd line of defense
• Natural Passive Immunity


  ex. Breast milk
• Ig G


  It is the major immunoglobulin in the circulation and is predominant in the secondary immune response
• Artificial Passive


  ex. Immunoglobulin Injection
• Vaccine


  It contains a weakened or inactivated form of the organism
• Lymphoid organs

  • Lymph Node
  • Bone marrow
  • Spleen
• Innate immunity


  This is an immunity that is already active from the time of birth, prior to exposure to antigen
• Passive immunization


  ex. Treatment of rabies immunoglobulins