Culture and Identity

• What is the feminist perspective on culture?

  Benefits the patriarchy by stereotyping women into particular social roles to normalise their oppression
• Which two feminists considered the way magazines targeted to girls promoted the traditional housewife role?

  Ferguson (1983) and McRobbie (1978)
• What is the Marxist perspective on culture?

  Culture benefits the ruling class to sustain the capitalist system
• What is the neo-Marxist perspective on culture?

  Media is the main way in which the dominant ideology is transmitted
• According to functionalists, what are the 4 main functions that culture has in society

  Social order

  Value consensus

  Social solidarity

  Functional subsystems
• What is cultural capital?

  Having the appropriate norms and values to achieve financial rewards and social mobility
• What is social mobility?

  The ability of an individual or family to move up or down the social ladder
• What are the different types of culture?

  Dominant culture

  Subculture

  Mass culture

  High culture

  Low culture

  Popular culture

  Folk culture

  Global culture
• According to functionalists, what are the four key subsystems that help to maintain social order?

  Economical

  Political

  Family and kinship

  Cultural
• What is hegemony?

  A concept that explains how the ruling class are able to control the working class without force, but through ideas, values and beliefs
• What is the interactionist perspective on culture?

  Culture is created by the interactions between individuals, where people choose how to behave rather than being imposed on by social structures
• What is the postmodernist perspective on culture?

  Culture is diverse

  No culture is superior than another

  Reject the idea that there is one culture
• Who said that mass culture creates false needs?

  Adorno
• What are the 4 types of socialisation?

  Primary

  Secondary

  Adult anticipatory

  Re-socialisation
• What is re-socialisation?

  The process of adopting new norms, values, attitudes and behaviours
• What is primary socialisation?

  The process of learning the norms and values of the family
• What is secondary socialisation?

  The process of learning the norms and values of wider society
• According to functionalists, what is the personality factory?

  The moulding and shaping of human identity according to one common cultural pattern
• What is identity?

  The way we see ourselves in relation to others
• What are the different types of identity

  Stigmatised

  Personal

  Social

  Self

  Multiple

  Collective
• What is a stigmatised identity?

  A socially-devalued identity with negative stereotypes and beliefs
• What is a personal identity?

  The individual uniqueness of the person
• What is a social identity?

  One’s sense of self as a member of a social group
• What is a self identity?

  Our own perceptions of our abilities, flaws, status and worth
• What is a multiple identity?

  Having more than one identity or persona, e.g. gender, sexual orientation, religion
• What is a collective identity?

  The shared sense of belonging to a group
• According to functionalists, what is the ’self‘ determined by

  Institutions
• According to Marxists, what is the ’self’ determined by

  The ruling class
• According to feminists, what is the ‘self’ determined by

  The patriarchy
• What is canalisation?

  The process of channeling individuals into different roles
• What are verbal appellations?

  Different vocabulary directed to different people
• What is the male gaze?

  The sexual objectification of women from a masculine, heterosexual perspective
• Who developed the Looking Glass Self theory?

  Cooley
• Who developed the labelling theory?

  Becker
• Who developed the dramaturgical approach?

  Goffman
• Who developed the ‘I and the Me’

  Mead
• What does Cooley argue about identity and the self?

  How we view ourself comes from how we believe others perceive us
• What does Mead argue about identity and the self?

  Individuals are made up of the ‘I’ and the ‘Me’
• According to Mead, what is the ‘I’?

  The spontaneous self that is often powered by impulsive, selfish desires
• According to Mead, what is the ‘Me’?

  The controlling self that helps individuals to understand how impulsive actions may harm others