Paper 3 Review IB Psychology

• Question 1a.


  identify the research methods used and outline two characteristics of the method
• Question 1b.

  Describe the sampling method used in the study
• Question 1c.

  Suggest one alternative or one additional research method that could be used to investigate the aim of the original study, giving one reason to your choice.
• True Experiment


  Experiment in which subjects are assigned randomly to an experimental group that receives a treatment or other manipulation of the independent variable and a comparison group that does not receive the treatment or receives some other manipulation.
• Laboratory Experiment


  Experiment in which conditions are highly controlled.
• Field Experiment


  An experiment that takes place in a natural setting where the researcher manipulates the IV and records the effect on the DV.
• Quasi Experiment


  A type of research design where a comparison is made, as in an experiment, but no random assignment of participants to groups occurs
• Natural Experiment


  An experiment in which nature, rather than an experimenter, manipulates an independent variable.
• Correlational Research


  Research that examines the relationships between variables, whose purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together.
• Surveys


  Collect data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions, often in the form of a questionnaire
• Quantitative Research Methods


  True/Laboratory/Field/Quasi/Natural Experiment

  Correlational Research

  Surveys
• Semi-Structured Interview


  There is a list of questions that have been worked out in advance but interviewers are also free to ask follow up questions when they feel it is appropriate.
• Unstructured Interview


  An interview in which the question-answer sequence is spontaneous, open-ended, and flexible.
• Structured Interview


  A selection interview that consists of a predetermined set of questions for the interviewer to ask
• Observation

  A research method that relies on four types of observation: people watching people, people watching an activity, machines watching people, and machines watching an activity
• Focus Group


  A small group of individuals who are led in discussion by a professional consultant in order to gather opinions on and responses to candidates and issues.
• Case Study


  An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
• Qualitative Research Methods

  Interviews (unstructured, semi-structured, structured, focus group)

  Observation

  Case Study
• Random Sampling


  a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
• Opportunity Sampling


  A sample of participants produced by selecting people who are most easily available at the time of the study.
• Volunteer Sampling


  A sample of participants produced by a sampling technique that relies solely on inviting people to take part.
• Purposive Sampling


  A biased sampling technique in which only certain kinds of people are included in a sample
• Stratified Sampling


  A type of probability sampling in which the population is divided into groups with a common attribute and a random sample is chosen within each group
• Snowball Sampling


  A variation on purposive sampling, a biased sampling technique in which participants are asked to recommend acquaintances for the study
• Systematic Sampling


  Every nth item in the target population is selected
• Cluster Sampling


  A probability sampling technique in which clusters of participants within the population of interest are selected at random, followed by data collection from all individuals in each cluster.
• Question 2a.

  Describe the ethical considerations that were applied in the study and explain if further ethical considerations could be applied
• Question 2b.

  Describe the ethical considerations in reporting results and explain additional ethical considerations that could be taken into account when applying the findings of the study
• Informed Consent

  An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.
• Right to Withdraw


  A participant's right to leave a study at any time and their ability to do so.
• No undue stress or harm


  No undue stress or harm duh
• Deception


  Misleading participants about the true purpose of a study or the events that will actually transpire
• Debriefing


  The postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants
• Confidentiality

  Respecting the privacy of both parties and keeping details secret
• Anonymity


  The condition of being anonymous
• Generalizability


  Extent to which research results apply to a range of individuals not included in the study.
• Selection Bias


  A polling error in which the sample is not representative of the population being studied, so that some opinions are over- or underrepresented
• Confirmation Bias


  The tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories.
• Sampling Bias


  A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn.

  Gender/Culture
• Researcher Bias


  A tendency for researchers to engage in behaviors and selectively notice evidence that supports their hypotheses or expectations