Anaphy

• 5 Levels of Organisation

  • Chemical
  • Cellular
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organism
• Differentiation
• Homeostasis


  • Internal environment remains stable
  • Maintained by the nervous and endocrine systems
  • Negative feedback reverses a change, positive feedback strengthens
• Metabolism


  1. Sum of the chemical processes that occur in our body

  2. Include breakdown of larger molecules into small molecules like glucose and amino acids
• Movement


  1. Motion of the whole body or individual organs or single cells

  2. Cells move to gain their functions
• Organ systems of the body and its main organ/s

  • Integumentary System - Skin
  • Skeletal System - Bones
  • Muscular System - Muscles
  • Nervous System - Brain, Spinal Cord
  • Endocrine System - Hormones
  • Cardiovascular System - Blood
  • Lymphatic System - Lymphocytes
  • Respiratory System - Lungs
  • Digestive System - GI Tract
  • Urinary System - Kidneys
  • Reproductive System - Female (Ovaries), Male (Testes)
• Life Processes
• Responsiveness


  Ability to detect changes and respond to internal or external environment
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Disruption: Homeostatic imbalance
• Disorder


  Any abnormality of structure and function
• Homeostasis


  Internal environment remains stable
• Body Cavities

  • Cranial
  • Vertebral
  • Thoracic
  • Abdominal
  • Pelvic
• Planes


  • Midsagittal
  • Parasagittal
  • Frontal
  • Transverse
  • Oblique
• Anatomical Terms


  Terms used to describe body regions and directions
• Cell biology is the study of cell structure and function
• Symptoms


  Subjective changes in body functions that are not easily observed or measured
• Cytoplasm


  Consists of cytosol, organelles, and the nucleus
• Diffusion


  Passive movement of a substance through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane or through membrane channels
• Disease


  A more specific term for a disorder with definite signs and symptoms
• Feedback Mechanism

  Receptor detects or controls changes, sends input to control center (brain), which then sends output to effector to activate response and return variable back to homeostasis
• Terms

  • Disorder
  • Disease
  • Symptoms
• Cell division


  Production of new individual (off-spring)
• Directional Terms

  • Superior
  • Inferior
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
  • Medial
  • Lateral
  • Proximal
  • Distal
  • Superficial
  • Deep
• Sections

  • Transverse
  • Frontal
  • Sagittal
• Effects of Aging: Observable changes in structure and functions, increased vulnerability to stress and disease
• Cells are the basic, living, structural and functional unit of the body
• Plasma Membrane


  Surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a cell, composed of proteins and lipids
• Facilitated Diffusion


  Passive movement of a substance down its concentration gradient aided by membrane proteins known as transporters
• Passive Processes


  Movement of substances down a concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached without requiring cellular energy in the form of ATP
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a membranous network of folded membranes. (rough ER – site of synthesis of glycoproteins and phospholipids) (smooth ER – is the site of fatty acid and steroid synthesis)
• Cytosol is the medium in which many of the cell’s chemical reactions occur
• Diffusion through membrane channels


  Passive movement of a substance down its gradient through channels that span a lipid bilayer; some channels are gated
• Active Processes

  Movement of substances against a concentration gradient; requires cellular energy in the form of ATP
• Lysosome fuses with and digests contents of vesicles
• Endocytosis


  In or out of the cell in vehicles that bud from the plasma membrane (Phagocytosis - cell eating) (Bulk-phase endocytosis – cell drinking)
• Cilia move fluids over a cell's surface; flagellum moves an entire cell
• Epithelial Tissue consists mostly of cells with little extracellular material, arranged in sheets, attached to connective tissue by a basement membrane, avascular, has a nerve supply, and can replace itself
• Proteasome degrades unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins