Common Aromatic Ring Names

• Benzoic Acid

  
• ortho-

  adjacent carbons
• para-

  separated by two carbons
• meta-

  separated by one carbon
• NH2


  electron donating group

  ortho/para directing
• OH


  electron donating group

  ortho/para directing
• OR


  electron donating group

  ortho/para directing
• NHCOR

  electron donating group

  ortho/para directing
• CH3

  electron donating group

  ortho/para directing
• phenyl


  electron donating group

  ortho/para directing
• F


  electron donating group

  ortho/para directing
• Cl


  electron donating group

  ortho/para directing
• Br


  electron donating group

  ortho/para directing
• I


  electron donating group

  ortho/para directing
• HC=O

  electron donating group

  meta diracting
• O=COR

  electron donating group

  meta diracting
• O=COH

  electron donating group

  meta diracting
• O=CR

  electron donating group

  meta diracting
• SO3H

  electron donating group

  meta diracting
• CN

  electron donating group

  meta diracting
• NO2

  electron donating group

  meta diracting
• NR3

  electron donating group

  meta diracting
• pyridine


  aromatic

  
• Pyrimidine


  aromatic

  
• pyrrole


  aromatic

  
• imidazole


  aromatic

  
• furan


  aromatic

  
• thiophen


  aromatic

  
• electron withdrawing produced by E.N. difference

  inductive effect

  F, Cl, Br, I, NO2, COCH3
• electron donating

  resonance effect

  F, Cl, Br, I, OH, NH2, OR
• electron withdrawing

  resonance effect

  RCOR, CN, NO2
• withdrawing electrons inductively but donating electrons through resonance effect

  OH, NH2, OR
• ortho-para directing activators

  alkyl groups (R's), OH/OR, NH2, NHR, NR2, NHCOR
• ortho-para directing deactivator

  halogens
• meta directing deactivators

  all electron withdrawing groups except halogens
• directing effect of R1 and R2 in tri-substituted alkenes

  if reinforce each other than additive effect

  if oppose each other stronger activiating group wins
• meta di-substituted reaction

  will not add between two R groups because of steric hinderance