RIPH PRELIM

• History in German


  “Geschichte” meaning “that which has happened”
• History teaches and we may learn from the lessons of history
• History in Greek


  “istoia” meaning learning
• Historians will never really know everything that happened in the past
• The evidence historians rely on is likely to be fragmented, incomplete, and contradictory
• Historical Method


  Critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past
• Classification of Historical Sources by Origin

  • Primary Sources: Testimony of an eyewitness, produced by a contemporary of that is narrated, document or physical object written or created during the time under study
• History is presently understood as the “past of mankind”
• Each historian’s conclusions are influenced by the evidence they have selected and how they interpreted it
• History


  The study of past events, particularly in human affairs
• The past of mankind, much of it, is beyond recall
• Types of Historical Sources

  • Written Sources: Published materials (books, journals etc.) and manuscript (handwritten and unprinted like archival materials and memoirs)
  • Non-written Sources: Oral history, artifacts, fossils, etc.
• Historical Method


  To study objectively, a thing must first be an object and must have an independent resistance outside the human mind
• The reconstruction of the total past of mankind is the total goal of historians, which is unattainable
• History in English

  Derived from the Greek word “istoia”, meaning learning
• Kinds of Primary Sources


  • Records of social and cultural observations, Chronicles, Human Fossils, Artifacts, Records of Detective Investigations, Royal Decrees and Laws, Official Reports, Maps, Memoirs or Autobiographies, Personal accounts, Newspapers and Magazines, Legislative journals, Court Records
• Origin of sources

  • Primary Sources: Testimony of an eyewitness, produced by a contemporary of the narrated event, written or created during the time under study. Secondary Sources: Interpret and analyze primary sources, one or more steps removed from the event (e.g., printed textbooks)
• Historical Criticisms

  HISTORICAL CRITICISM: Settles matters on the form and content of a source. External Criticism: Deals with the problem of authenticity, tests include determining date, author, provenance, semantics, and hermeneutics. Internal Criticism: Deals with the problem of credibility, tests include determining the character of the author and corroboration
• Creating a depiction of the past

  According to Form: Written Sources (Published materials like books, journals, etc. and manuscript like archival materials and memoirs), Non-written Sources (Oral history, artifacts, fossils, etc.)
• Repositories of Primary Sources


  • Libraries of various Universities in the Philippines such as the University of the Philippines, the Ateneo de Manila Rizal Library and Museum, the American Historical Collection in ADMU, and the University of Sto. Tomas Central Library and Museum
• KKK stands for Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
• Secret society organized by KKK

  • Teodoro Plato
  • Deodato Arellano
  • Ladislao Diwa
  • Valentin Diaz
  • Andres Bonifacio as the Supremo
• Teodoro Agoncillo was a prominent 20th-century Filipino historian
• Santiago Alvarez was the only child of revolutionary general Mariano Alvarez
• Teodoro Agoncillo and his contemporary Renato Constantino were among the first Filipino historians renowned for promoting a distinctly nationalist point of view of Filipino history
• Santiago Alvarez was also known as Kidlat ng Apoy because of his inflamed bravery and dedication as commander of Cavite's famous battles
• Santiago Alvarez was a revolutionary general and a founder and honorary president of the first directorate of the Nacionalista Party
• Important writings/documents of the Katipunan included Constitution by Emilio Jacinto and Ten Commandments
• Members of the Katipunan were associated with Z: Gomburza
• Monthly dues were required at the lowest level to keep the organization going in KKK
• KKK was organized at 72 Azcarraga St. (Claro M. Recto Avenue, Tondo) on July 7, 1892
• Triangle System in KKK

  A Katipunero must recruit 2 members
• Official Newspaper of KKK was an important document
• Joining the organization KKK

  Cut yourself and use your own blood as an ink
• Special roles of women in KKK

  Securing important documents of the organization, ensuring delivery between barangays, luring Guardia Civil during meetings of Katipuneros
• Women in KKK

  • Gregoria Montoya
  • Gregoria de Jesus
  • Trinidad Tecson
  • Teresa Magbanua
  • Agueda Kahabagan
  • Melchora Aquino
• KKK Flag was associated with Magdalo faction led by Emilio Aguinaldo and Magdiwang led by Andres Bonifacio
• KKK Government System was discovered due to an argument between Apolonio Dela Cruz and Teodoro Patiño
• Investigations occurred in the discovery of the KKK

  Teodoro revealed the secret organization to Honoria who told the Mother Superior and Fr. Mariano Gil, eventually reaching the Spanish authorities
• An example of a primary source is the excerpt from the Santiago Alvarez account "Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a General" referring to the events during the Tejeros Convention