(cells and microbes)

• M movement

  R respiration

  S sensitivity

  G growth

  R reproduce

  E excretion

  N nutrition
• parts of an animal cell include cell wall, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nucleus
• parts of a plant cell include vacuole, chloroplasts, mitocondria, cytoplasm, and nucleus
• the body takes in glucose and oxygen for respiration, releases carbon dioxide and other chemicals as waste
• dissolved substances and gases can move in and out of the cell through diffusion
• diffusion is the movement of particles through the air in a confined space
• the larger the surface area, the longer it takes for diffusion to occur throughout the whole volume
• communicable diseases are caused by pathogens spread between people (e.g. chicken pox, HIV, cholera)
• non-communicable diseases are developed within a person through genetic or environmental factors, cannot be spread within people (e.g. cancer, hert disease, stroke)
• bacteria produce toxins that make us ill. They are single celled and can exist on their own
• viruses enter people's cells and reproduce eventually bursting out. They only exist by entering people's cells/bodies
• pathogens can be spread by

  • direct contact
  • indirect contact
  • food
  • water
  • air
• ways to prevent disease

  • wash hands
  • obey food safety
  • get vaccines
  • avoid wild animal bites
• dilute solutions have a high concetration of water molecules
• concentrated solutions have a low concentration of water molecules
• osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from a high concentration to low concentration, following a concentration gradient, through a partially permeable membrane
• active transport is an active process that requires energy. Substances move against the concentration gradient from low concentration to high concentration
• all living organisms can be classified into five kingdoms:

  • animal kingdom
  • plant kingdom
  • fungi kingdom
  • bacteria kingdom
  • protoctist kingdom
• animal kingdom: (e.g. cats, humans, jellyfish)

  • multicellular
  • nervous coordination
  • heterotrophic (feeding for nutrition)
  • store carbohydrates as glycogen
• plant kingdom: (e.g. fern, moss, seaweed)

  • multicellular
  • autotrophic (photosynthesis for nutrition)
  • cellulose cell walls
  • store sugar as starch or sucrose
  • chloroplasts
• fungi kingdom: (e.g. mushrooms, mold, yeast)

  • multicellular or unicellular
  • chitin cell walls
  • made of mycelium of hyphae (network of fibers)
  • saprophytic (feed on decaying organisms using enzymes)
  • store carbohydrates as glycogen
• bacteria kingdom: (E coli, MRSA)

  • unicellular
  • petidoglycan cell walls
  • no nucleus
  • flagellum for movement
  • plasmids store DNA information
• protoctist kingdom: (e.g. amoeba, paramecium)

  • unicellular
  • have a nucleus
• eukaryotic organisms are multicellular or unicelular organisms that have a nucleus and cell membrane (animal, plant, fungi, protoctist)
• prokaryotic organisms are unicellular organisms with no nucleus, and are smaller than prokaryotic (bacteria)
• pathogens are any microorganisms that can cause disease