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• Cell Theory


  Living organisms are made up of cells
• The late 1800s and the first decade of the 1900s came to be known as the Golden Age of Microbiology
• Louis Pasteur postulated the germ theory of disease and developed pasteurization
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek's observations

  He first provided accurate descriptions of bacteria, protozoa, and fungi
• In the mid-1600s, the microscope was discovered, and Robert Hooke discovered the cell—the basic unit of living organisms
• Robert Koch proved that microorganisms cause certain diseases through Koch’s postulates
• Eleven different types of fossils of primitive microorganisms have been found in ancient rock formations in Western Australia, dating back to as early as 3.5 billion years ago
• In 1122 BC, an outbreak of a smallpox-like disease that originated in China spread worldwide
• Archaeologists and evolutionists have uncovered evidence demonstrating the existence of primitive microorganisms
• The exhumed mummified remains of Rameses V showed skin lesions resembling smallpox
• In 3180 BC, an epidemic known as the “plague” broke out in Egypt
• Louis Pasteur introduced the terms aerobes and anaerobes and developed the fermentation process
• Edward Jenner discovered the vaccine for smallpox
• After World War II, antibiotics were introduced to the medical world
• Alexander Fleming discovered the antibiotic penicillin from the mold Penicillium notatum
• Joseph Lister applied aseptic techniques to medical procedures
• Paul Ehrlich discovered Salvarsan for the treatment of syphilis
• John Snow is known as the Father of Epidemiology and developed geographical distribution of cases called spot map
• Selma Abraham Waksman discovered the antibiotic Streptomycin
• Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisse discovered the causative agent of gonorrhea
• Fanny Hesse developed the use of agar as a solidifying agent for microbiological media
• Richard J. Petri developed the Petri dish for growing and manipulating microbial cultures
• Luc Antoine Montagnier discovered the human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
• Hans Christian Gram developed the Gram stain technique to separate two major groups of disease-causing bacteria
• John Tyndall discovered highly resistant bacterial structures known as “endospore” and the “Tyndallization” process
• Theodor Escherich discovered the bacterium coli commune, later named after him in 1919
• With the discovery of antibiotics, the incidence of infectious diseases like tuberculosis, pneumonia, meningitis, and others was significantly reduced
• Most experiments in the early 20th century in microbiology involved the study of bacteria