soc 101 test 2

• anticipatory socialisation, a type of adult socialisation, refers to taking on norms and behaviours of aspirational or anticipated role or status. In short, it is predictable.
• resocialisation, another type of adult socialisation, is for the unpredictable and refers to learning new norms, values, attitudes, behaviours contrary to previous experiences to match new situations in life
• total institutions are settings where people are isolated from larger society and under strict control and supervision of specialised staff.
• initiation rite

  ritual rejection - isolation from the world

  ritual death - old identity died

  ritual rebirth - accepted a new culture
• hidden curriculum 


  conformist messages such as how to respect authorities
• corridor curriculum 


  what students learn from outside the classroom - can be negative such as racism and sexism
• initiation rite: ceremony that signifies the transition of the individual from one group to another and ensures his or her loyalty to the new group
• the 4 adult roles are : mature, discontinuous, invisible and unpredictable
• 3 reasons why people's identities are changing faster and more often and more completely

  1. cultural globalisation (various historical and geographical settings)
  2. medical advances
  3. virtual communities
• agency and autonomy


  people are completely free to do whatever they want
• socialisation and determination 


  society is so big and powerful that people are unable to do anything to change it
• culture: composed of socially transmitted ideas, practices and material objects that enable people to adapt to and thrive in their environment
• cultures with a small c

  observable patterns of thought and behaviour produced through the process of Culture
• Culture (big C)

  a general capacity for conceptualisation and process of symbolic interaction and interpretation that is socially transmitted
• proscriptive norms


  things you must NOT do
• prescriptive norms


  things you must do
• folkways 


  of little moral significance, not strictly enforced
• mores

  great moral significance, needs to be followed, essential for society's survival
• taboos 


  of greatest moral significance, cause revulsions in community, punishments severe when violated
• consumerism 


  tendency to define ourselves in terms of purchased goods
• rationalism

  application of most efficient means to achieve given goals, unintended consequences
• multiculturalism 


  heterogeneity, cultural diversity
• globalisation


  growing global interdependence
• post modernisation

  cultural fragmentation and reconfiguration
• subculture

  adherents of a set of distinctive values, norms, practices within a larger culture
• counter culture

  oppose dominant values, subversive subculture
• cultural lag is the tendency of non-material cultue changing more slowly than material culture
• cultural diffusion is the spread of cultural traits (material and non-material) from one group to another
• cultural levelling: process in which culture becomes similar to one another
• culture shock: disorientation experienced when coming in contact with a fundamentally different culture
• ethnocentrism: tendency to judge another culture exclusively by the standards of one's own
• relativism: belief that all cultures and cultural practices have equal value
• society


  collectivist of interacting people, share a territory and culture. Largest and most complex type of group
• group


  people who are bound together by interaction and a common identity
• aggregrate


  people who temporarily share the same physical space but do not see themselves as beloging together
• category


  people who have similar characteristics but do not see themselves as belonging together nor interacting with one another
• anomie 


  state of normlessness, sense of not belonging
• in group


  groups toward which people feel loyalty
• out group


  groups toward which people feel antagonism, perceive as a threat or competition
• reference group


  group whose standards we refer to as we evaluate ourselves