Chem

• Alkanes are C n+H 2n+2
• Alkanes are saturated so their carbon bond is C - C
• Alkenes are unsaturated so their carbon bond is C = C
• OH is alcohol functional group
• Crude oil is a finite resource
• Crude oil is made from plankton buried in mud for millions of years
• Crude oil is made from hydrocarbons
• Alcohol + carboxylic acid = ester + water
• Metal carbonate + carboxylic acid = salt + water + CO2
• Carboxylic acids are made by reacting an alcohol with an oxidising agent
• The first 4 carboxylic acids are soluble in water because they can make hydrogen bonds with water
• The carboxyl group can only be at the end of a chain
• The most well known carboxylic acid is ethanoic acid
• All acids dissolve in water the make less than pH 7
• Metal + acid = H2
• Acid + base = salt + water
• Carbonate + acid = salt + water + CO2
• C n H 2n+1 is carboxylic
• Carboxylic acids are weak acids
• Carboxylic acid functional group is -COOH
• Carboxylic acid prefix is -anoic acid
• Higher viscosity means thicker fluid
• Longer hydrocarbons are more viscous
• Shorter hydrocarbons are more flammable
• Longer hydrocarbons mean higher boiling point
• Hydrocarbons with unlimited oxygen cause complete combustion
• Hydrocarbon + oxygen = CO2 + H2O
• hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated via fractional distillation
• Fractions = similar length hydrocarbons
• the longer the hydrocarbon the lower the fraction
• a feedstock is a chemical used to make other chemicals
• The 4 hydrocarbon feedstocks are:

  solvents

  lubricants

  detergents

  polymers
• short chain hydrocarbons are high demand as fuel
• breaking a long chain alkane into shorter chains is called cracking
• Factors in catalytic cracking:

  high temp

  catylist
• Factors in steam cracking:

  High temp

  Steam
• Alkenes react more than alkanes
• alkenes are used to make polymers
• alkene + bromine water = orange bromine water to colourless bromine water
• In alkenes have one double bond