digestive system

• Kidneys filter blood to remove waste products such as urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism) and excess water, which form urine.
• Each kidney is about the size of your fist.
• The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located on either side of the spine, just below the ribcage.
• Glomerulus - A cluster of capillaries where filtration occurs.
• The pancreas secretes enzymes that aid in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein digestion.
• Blood enters the kidneys through renal arteries and leaves via renal veins.
• Bile also helps with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K.
• The kidneys are located on either side of the spine at the back of the abdomen.
• The liver produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder until needed to emulsify fats during digestion.
• Pancreatic juice contains bicarbonate ions that neutralize stomach acid.
• Urine flows from the kidneys into the bladder through tubules called ureters.
• Kidney stones can form when there is an excess of minerals or salts in urine.
• The liver produces bile, which helps break down fats during digestion.
• Proximal convoluted tubules - The first part of the nephron where most reabsorption takes place.
• Insulin is produced by beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans and regulates glucose levels in the body.
• Bile also contains substances that neutralize stomach acid and protect the intestines.
• The small intestine has three parts: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
• Urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder through ureters.
• Glucose is absorbed by active transport across the renal tubular cells.
• The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid), rectum, and anal canal.
• The liver produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder until needed for digestion.
• Kidney function includes filtering blood, regulating water balance, removing waste products from the body, producing hormones such as renin and erythropoietin, and maintaining electrolyte balance.
• The small intestine has three parts: duodenum (10 inches), jejunum (8 feet), and ileum (25 feet).
• Amino acids can be actively or passively absorbed depending on their concentration gradient.
• Renal failure occurs when the kidneys cannot filter waste products effectively.
• Glucagon is also produced by alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans and stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis when blood sugar levels drop.
• Water moves out of the bloodstream via osmosis due to the high solute concentration inside the nephron.
• The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus.
• The pancreas secretes enzymes that aid in the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
• Pancreatic duct - A tube that carries pancreatic juice to the small intestine.
• The small intestine absorbs nutrients from food and passes them on to the large intestine.
• The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes from undigested material and forms feces.
• The large intestine consists of four sections: cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid), rectum, and anus.
• The pancreas secretes enzymes into the small intestine to aid in digestion.
• Glucose is absorbed by active transport in the small intestine.
• The pancreas produces enzymes that aid in digestion.
• Pancreas - An organ located behind the stomach that produces enzymes to aid in digestion.
• The pancreas secretes enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids, respectively.
• Bile salts are produced in the liver and secreted into the small intestine to emulsify fats.
• The pancreas secretes enzymes into the small intestine to aid in the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.